Skip to content

Download as PDF [1MB]

End Notes

  1. C Chamberlain & D MacKenzie, ‘Understanding Contemporary Homelessness: Issues of Definition and Meaning’, Australian Journal of Social Issues, 27 (4), 1992, pp. 274–97.
  2. Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs unpublished table based on work by C Chamberlain & D MacKenzie, Counting the Homeless 2006, ABS, cat. no. 2050.0, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2008.
  3. D MacKenzie & C Chamberlain, Australia’s Homeless Youth, A Report of the National Youth Commission Inquiry into Youth Homelessness, National Youth Commission, Victoria, 2008
  4. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA, report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185. Canberra, 2008, p. 36.
  5. C Chamberlain & D MacKenzie, 2008, op. cit.
  6. SAAP data—unpublished work by the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs.
  7. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Demand for SAAP accommodation by homeless people 2006–07: a report from the SAAP National Data Collection, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 186, Canberra, 2008.

  8. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185, Canberra, 2008, table 5.5, p. 37.
  9. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Health and welfare of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, 2008, ABS cat. no. 4704.0, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2008.
  10. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185, Canberra, 2008.
  11. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185, Canberra, 2008.
  12. SAAP NDCA data 2003–04 (unpublished table).
  13. NATSEM modelling (2008) commissioned by the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs.
  14. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185, Canberra, 2008.
  15. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185, Canberra, 2008.
  16. Unpublished data from Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs.
  17. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185, Canberra, 2008.
  18. ibid.
  19. Flinders University, Women, domestic and family violence and homelessness: A synthesis report, Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Canberra, 2008.
  20. The rate was 0.9 per cent in September 2005, with 94,000 people considered to be long-term unemployed: Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australian Labour Market Statistics – Long Term Unemployment, ABS cat. no.  6105.0, January 2006.
  21. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185, Canberra, 2008.
  22. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185, Canberra, 2008
  23. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Homeless SAAP clients with mental health and substance abuse problems 2004–05, Bulletin no. 51, 2007.
  24. Thomson Goodall Associates Pty Ltd, People who are assisted by SAAP services and require a high level and complexity of service provision, Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Canberra, 2003.
  25. J O’Connell, Premature mortality in homeless populations: A review of literature, National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Nashville, 2005.
  26. National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, 2007; Herrman H, Evert H, Harvey C, Gureje O, Pinzone T, Gordon I. Disability and service use among homeless people living with psychotic disorders, in Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 38:965–974; Teesson M, Hodder T, Buhrich N. Psychiatric disorders in homeless men and women in inner Sydney, in Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 38:162–168.
  27. National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing, 2007; Herrman H, Evert H, Harvey C, Gureje O, Pinzone T, Gordon I. Disability and service use among homeless people living with psychotic disorders, in Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 38:965–974; Teesson M, Hodder T, Buhrich N. Psychiatric disorders in homeless men and women in inner Sydney, in Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2004; 38:162–168.
  28. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Homeless SAAP clients with mental health and substance use problems 2004-05, Bulletin 51, Canberra, 2007
  29. J McDowell, Report card: Transitioning from care, CREATE Foundation, Sydney, 2008.
  30. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185, Canberra, 2008.
  31. Orima Research, A report on research to support the development of the Homelessness White Paper, commissioned by the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 2008.
  32. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Australia’s welfare 2007, AIHW cat. no. AUS 93, Canberra, 2007.
  33. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185. Canberra, 2008.
  34. Australian Institute of Criminology, Crime Facts Info: Homelessness, drug use and offending, Fact Sheet no. 168, Canberra, 2008.
  35. M Willis, Ex-Prisoners, Supported Accommodation Assistance Program housing and homelessness in Australia, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 2004.
  36. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Prisoners in Australia, ABS cat. no. 4517.0, Canberra, 2007.
  37. Royal District Nursing Service, homepage, <http://www.rdns.com.au>.
  38. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report 2005–06, AIHW cat. no. HOU 156, Canberra, 2007.
  39. T Vinson, Dropping off the edge: The distribution of disadvantage in Australia, Jesuit Social Services and Catholic Social Services Australia, Sydney, 2007.
  40. Orima Research, op. cit.
  41. G Phillips, ‘Homeless People in Emergency Departments’, Parity, vol. 20, no. 2, 2007.
  42. ibid. Estimate based on methodology developed by S Pinkney & S Ewing, The economic costs and benefits of school-based early intervention, Centre for Youth Affairs Research and Development, Melbourne, 1998.
  43. P Flatau, K Zaretzky, M Brady, Y Haigh & R Martin, The cost-effectiveness of homelessness programs: a first assessment, Volume 1—main report, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Perth, 2008.
  44. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Australia’s welfare 2007, AIHW cat. no. AUS 93, Canberra, 2007.
  45. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Prisoners in Australia, ABS cat. no. 4517.0, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2007.
  46. NATSEM modelling commissioned by the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 2008.
  47. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Women’s Safety Survey, 1996 and  Personal Safety Survey 2005.
  48. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Personal Safety Survey, Australia, ABS cat. no. 4906.0, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 2006.
  49. Department of Communities and Local Government, Homelessness trends, <http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/homelessness/homelessnesstrends/>.
  50. Department of Human Services, Victorian Homelessness Strategy: Action Plan and Strategic Framework, Homelessness, 2002.
  51. The South Australian Social Inclusion Initiative, <http://www.socialinclusion.sa.gov.au/page.php?id=29>.
  52. C Chamberlain & D MacKenzie, Counting the Homeless 2006, Commonwealth of Australia, ABS, cat. no. 2050.0, 2008.
  53. Unpublished 2007 data provided to the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs by state/territory housing authorities.
  54. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185. Canberra, 2008..
  55. Examples are Supported Housing Assistance Program (SHAP) in Western Australia and the Signpost program in the Hunter Region of New South Wales.
  56. Australian Capital Territory Government, Green Paper submission.
  57. Based on discussion about pathways into homelessness in D Mackenzie &amp; C Chamberlain, <em>Homeless careers: Pathways in and out of homelessness</em>, report from the Counting the Homeless 2001 project, Swinburne and RMIT Universities, 2003.
  58. Victoria Law Reform Commission, Residential Tenancy Databases—Report (2006)
  59. Ministerial Council on Consumer Affairs/ Standing Committee on Attorneys General; Report on Residential Tenancy Databases, Residential Tenancy Database Working Party, September 2005.
  60. Transition from care data: 1,200 young people per annum leave statutory care. Hospital separation data: 120,000 patients are discharged per annum after one day or more at hospital for mental health reasons per annum (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australia’s Health 2008, 2008); Centrelink Crisis Payment data: 30,000 prisoners are released from hospitals per annum.
  61. D Mackenzie, K Desmond & A Steen, Household Organisational Management Expenses (HOME) Advice Program Evaluation Report, Institute for Social Research, Swinburne University, 2007.
  62. D Mackenzie, K Desmond & A Steen, Household Organisational Management Expenses (HOME) Advice Program Evaluation Report, Institute for Social Research, Swinburne University, 2007.
  63. P Flatau, K Zaretzky, M Brady, Y Haigh & R Martin, The cost-effectiveness of homelessness programs:  a first assessment, vol. 1 – main report, AHURI Final Report no. 119, 2008.
  64. R Phillips, V Milligan, A Jones, Integration and social housing in Australia: theory and practice, Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, 2008.
  65. RPR Consulting, ‘I’m looking at the future’: Evaluation report of Reconnect, Department of Family and Community Services, Canberra, 2003.
  66. Mental Health Council of Australia, Green Paper submission, p. 16.
  67. Department of Health and Ageing, Green Paper submission, p. 6.
  68. See Housing NSW.
  69. Victorian Department of Human Services, Victorian Homelessness Strategy, Melbourne, 2002, p. 74.
  70. Council to Homeless Persons, A new approach to homelessness in Australia – Key messages for submissions, 2008.
  71. Interagency Council on Homelessness, home page, 2007: http://www.ich.gov/slocal/index.html
  72. R Rosenheck, J Morrissey, J Lam, M Calloway, M Johnsen, H Goldman, F Randolph, M Blasinsky, A Fontana, R Calsyn & G Teague, ‘Service System Integration, Access to Services and Housing Outcomes in a Program for Homeless Persons with Severe Mental Illness’, American Journal of Public Health, vol. 88, no.11, 1998, pp. 1610–1615.
  73. Erebus Consulting Partners, National Evaluation of the Supported Accommodation Assistance Program (SAAP IV)—Final Report, Commonwealth of Australia, 2004.
  74. PILCH Homeless Person’s Legal Clinic Have Your Say, unpublished, June 2008
  75. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185. Canberra, 2008, tables 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3.
  76. Unpublished ‘Counting the Homelesss 2006’ table by C Chamberlain and D MacKenzie for the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 2008.
  77. Confidential Green Paper submission
  78. Orima Research, A report on research into the current attitudes towards, and experiences of, homelessness in Australia, unpublished research commissioned by the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 2008, p. 119.
  79. Australian Services Union, Building social inclusion in Australia, Carlton South, 2007; Tasmanian Government, submission to National Evaluation of SAAP IV, 2004, p. 100.
  80. Council to Homeless Persons, Green Paper submission.
  81. Confidential Green Paper submission; Women’s Health West, Green Paper submission; Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, responses to the Homelessness Green Paper, unpublished report assisted by BlackInk Writing and Consulting, 2008.
  82. Erebus Consulting Partners, op. cit., p. 5.
  83. Australian Services Union, Green Paper submission; Council to Homeless Persons, Green Paper submission.
  84. Australian Services Union, Green Paper submission.
  85. Salvation Army, Green Paper submission; Mission Australia, Green Paper submission; Caretaker’s Cottage, Green Paper submission; Women’s Health West, Green Paper submission.
  86. Australian Services Union, Green Paper submission.
  87. ibid.
  88. Erebus Consulting Partners, op. cit., p. 27
  89. ibid.
  90. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Homeless people in SAAP: SAAP National Data Collection annual report, SAAP NDCA, report series 12, cat. no. HOU 185, Canberra, 2008.
  91. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Demand for SAAP accommodation by homeless people 2006–07: a report from the SAAP National Data Collection, SAAP NDCA report series 12, cat. no. HOU 186, Canberra, 2008.
  92. ibid.
  93. AIHW, 2008, cat. no. HOU 185, op. cit.
  94. J Kelly, K Buehlman & K Caldwell, ‘Training personnel to promote quality parent–child interaction in families who are homeless’, Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, vol. 20 no. 3, 2000, pp. 174–86; J Moore, Collaborations of schools and social service agencies, National Centre for Homeless Education, North Carolina, 2005; A Keogh, A Halpenny & R Gilligan, ‘Educational issues for children and young people in families living in emergency accommodation: an Irish perspective’, Children and Society, vol. 20 no. 5, 2006, pp. 360–75
  95. T Eardley, D Thompson, P Cass & A Dadish, Measuring the impact of SAAP-funded homelessness services on client self-reliance, Report for the SAAP Coordination and Development Committee, research commissioned through the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 2008.
  96. S Fitzpatrick, N Pleace & M Bevan, Final evaluation of Rough Sleepers Initiative, Scottish Executive (UK), Edinburgh, 2005 - http://www.commonground.org/ (USA).
  97. J Kelly, K Buehlman & K Caldwell, op. cit.; J Moore, op. cit.; A Keogh, A Halpenny & R Gilligan, op. cit.
  98. R Smith, Promoting children’s emotional health, Barnardos, UK, 2002; J Knitzer& J Lefkowitz, Pathways to early school success: helping the most vulnerable infants, toddlers, and their families, National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University, New York, 2006.
  99. RPR Consulting, SAAP and education linkages study, Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, 2007.
  100. AIHW, 2008, cat. no. HOU 185, op. cit.
  101. Law and Justice Foundation New South Wales, No home no justice: The legal needs of homeless people, 2005.
  102. Public Interest Law Clearing House Homeless Persons’ Legal Clinic, Improving the administration of justice for homeless people in the court process, 2004.
  103. Australian Council of Social Services (ACOSS), Australian Community Sector Survey Report 2007, ACOSS Paper 145, 2007, p. 11.
  104. The cities of Adelaide, Sydney and Melbourne have completed counts of people who are sleeping rough during the last two years.
  105. In the development of the Victorian Homelessness Assistance Standards a group of people who had experienced homelessness from a range of target groups were trained and paid to conduct interviews and focus groups with other homeless people.  These people were then employed as part of accreditation teams to assess services against the resulting standards.
  106. Outlier studies would research people at risk of homelessness but who have not actually become homeless
  107. J Disney, ‘Affordable housing in Australia: Some key problems and priorities for action’, paper delivered to the National Forum on Affordable Housing, 2007.
  108. Office for Women, Partnerships against domestic violence: Summary findings from Phase 1 for policy makers, Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs, Canberra, 2006.
  109. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Housing assistance in Australia, AIHW cat. no. HOU 173, Canberra, 2008.
  110. J Gillard & P Wong, ‘An Australian Social Inclusion Agenda’, in Targeting for Fairness, background discussion paper for speech to the ACOSS Social Inclusion Conference, 2007, p 1.

Return to top

Foreword

Glossary