Appendix D: Wellbeing multivariate results

The following tables are discussed in Section 8, and the methods section of that section describes the models used. Models were estimated for each of the wellbeing measures listed in Box 8.1. Those estimated using logistic regression are grouped together, and those estimated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) are grouped together.

Table D1: Wellbeing Model Set 1, logistic regression, all mothers
	Fair or poor health		Some to very many difficulties		Problems coping		Time pressure
	Coefficient	z-score	Coefficient	z-score	Coefficient	z-score	Coefficient	z-score
Not employed	-0.074	-0.46	-0.454	-5.60	-0.240	-3.06	-1.044	-11.61
Part-time	-0.450	-3.29	-0.392	-6.63	-0.323	-4.06	-0.629	-7.06
Full-time (ref)
Age	-0.052	-0.70	-0.006	-0.15	0.039	1.14	0.007	0.20
Age squared	0.001	0.72	0.000	0.45	0.000	-0.68	0.000	0.16
Incomplete secondary (ref)
Complete secondary only	-0.179	-1.53	0.131	1.63	0.050	0.55	0.236	2.85
Certificate/diploma	-0.117	-1.09	0.253	4.08	0.070	0.82	0.204	2.76
Bachelor degree or higher	-0.092	-1.00	0.422	4.50	0.105	1.02	0.416	5.88
Australian-born (ref)
Not Australian-born, good English	0.355	3.03	-0.061	-0.78	0.098	1.46	-0.407	-5.29
Not Australian-born, not good English	0.761	5.50	-0.586	-4.14	0.642	4.59	-0.562	-3.93
Couple parent (ref)
Single parent	0.217	1.86	0.588	5.83	0.153	1.89	0.176	1.68
Remoteness area classification	-0.067	-1.10	-0.066	-2.34	0.004	0.14	-0.076	-3.62
Youngest aged <1 (ref)
Youngest aged 1	0.012	0.10	0.179	3.00	0.188	2.54	-0.020	-0.30
Youngest aged 2–3	0.087	0.61	0.186	2.18	0.262	4.95	0.124	1.72
Youngest aged 4–5	0.147	1.43	0.071	1.15	0.074	1.53	0.033	0.53
1 child (ref)
2 children	0.164	1.53	0.122	1.62	0.145	2.62	0.490	10.38
3 children or more	-0.134	-1.17	0.291	3.88	0.103	1.85	0.416	8.15
Has a medical condition	1.254	15.55	0.495	9.50	0.370	6.98	0.328	6.02
Parent weekly income ($000)	-0.811	-2.03	-0.474	-2.80	-0.308	-2.11	0.384	3.38
Parent income ($000) squared	0.165	1.36	0.075	1.81	0.031	0.82	-0.063	-1.85
Constant	-1.228	-0.94	-0.120	-0.19	-0.916	-1.59	-0.851	-1.56
	(n=7,935)		(n=7,943)		(n=7,937)		(n=7,941)
Pseudo R²	0.078		0.033		0.018		0.060

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: z=1.960 for p=0.05, z=2.576 for p=0.01 and z=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D2: Wellbeing Model Set 1, logistic regression, all fathers
	Fair or poor health		Some to very many difficulties		Problems coping		Time pressure
	Coefficient	z-score	Coefficient	z-score	Coefficient	z-score	Coefficient	z-score
Not employed	0.654	4.06	0.028	0.19	0.122	1.01	-0.869	-6.34
Part-time	0.222	1.57	0.028	0.18	0.035	0.52	-0.289	-2.24
Full-time (ref)
Age	0.040	0.89	0.117	3.77	0.068	2.27	0.084	2.85
Age squared	0.000	-0.65	-0.001	-3.60	-0.001	-2.01	-0.001	-3.05
Incomplete secondary (ref)
Complete secondary only	-0.132	-0.60	0.113	1.12	0.002	0.03	0.109	0.80
Certificate/diploma	-0.261	-2.18	0.057	0.74	0.013	0.25	0.206	2.11
Bachelor degree or higher	-0.155	-0.89	0.264	3.29	-0.027	-0.29	0.326	2.74
Australian-born (ref)
Not Australian-born, good English	-0.139	-1.91	-0.296	-5.07	-0.048	-0.83	-0.357	-3.88
Not Australian-born, not good English	0.568	3.08	-0.614	-2.06	0.551	3.20	-0.693	-1.50
Couple parent (ref)
Single parent	0.109	0.18	0.423	1.57	0.447	1.84	0.609	1.43
Remoteness area classification	-0.052	-1.06	-0.079	-2.80	-0.057	-2.30	-0.095	-2.61
Youngest aged <1 (ref)
Youngest aged 1	0.037	0.34	-0.016	-0.15	-0.058	-0.75	-0.023	-0.25
Youngest aged 2–3	0.025	0.23	-0.081	-1.22	0.088	1.14	-0.023	-0.22
Youngest aged 4–5	-0.015	-0.16	-0.023	-0.36	0.084	1.06	-0.011	-0.13
1 child (ref)
2 children	0.006	0.06	0.026	0.30	0.049	1.44	0.110	1.08
3 children or more	0.103	0.95	0.119	2.24	0.111	2.06	0.124	2.75
Has a medical condition	1.075	13.43	0.418	5.07	0.373	5.70	0.125	1.90
Parent weekly income ($000)	-0.178	-0.80	-0.337	-2.49	-0.269	-1.54	-0.035	-0.18
Parent income ($000) squared	0.011	0.17	0.088	2.26	0.016	0.35	0.077	1.72
Constant	-2.978	-3.52	-2.472	-4.37	-1.340	-2.63	-1.975	-3.21
	(n=6,592)		(n=6,389)		(n=6,385)		(n=6,385)
Pseudo R²	0.055		0.015		0.013		0.027

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: z=1.960 for p=0.05, z=2.576 for p=0.01 and z=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D3: Wellbeing Model Set 1, OLS, all mothers
	Psychological distress		Arguments with partner		Relationship quality		Work–family gains		Work–family strains
	Coefficient	t-score	Coefficient	t-score	Coefficient	t-score	Coefficient	t-score	Coefficient	t-score
Not employed	-0.012	-0.48	-0.075	-3.76	0.080	2.54	n/a		n/a
Part-time	-0.092	-3.20	-0.084	-3.27	0.077	1.97	0.086	2.91	-0.417	-11.15
Full-time (ref)
Age	-0.007	-0.63	-0.043	-2.71	0.036	1.82	-0.002	-0.10	0.030	1.40
Age squared	0.000	0.26	0.001	2.99	-0.001	-2.15	0.000	-0.04	0.000	-0.73
Incomplete secondary (ref)
Complete secondary only	0.011	0.52	-0.008	-0.31	0.000	-0.01	0.032	0.90	0.078	1.40
Certificate/diploma	0.052	3.26	0.003	0.15	0.005	0.20	0.070	3.04	0.090	1.61
Bachelor degree or higher	0.077	4.03	0.018	1.04	0.033	1.17	0.122	4.46	0.339	8.57
Australian-born (ref)
Not Australian-born, good English	0.090	2.34	0.023	1.16	-0.019	-0.69	-0.059	-1.82	-0.028	-0.81
Not Australian-born, not good English	0.048	0.86	-0.050	-1.18	0.021	0.49	0.223	1.67	0.114	0.94
Couple parent (ref)
Single parent	0.162	6.17	n/a		n/a		0.102	1.36	0.212	3.07
Remoteness area classification	-0.021	-1.93	-0.010	-0.89	-0.001	-0.07	0.015	0.87	-0.013	-0.68
Youngest aged <1 (ref)
Youngest aged 1	0.061	4.31	0.019	0.72	-0.018	-0.68	0.010	0.33	0.056	1.51
Youngest aged 2–3	0.106	5.16	0.045	1.32	-0.023	-1.04	0.054	1.39	0.079	1.22
Youngest aged 4–5	0.118	5.46	0.039	1.64	-0.036	-1.53	0.017	0.45	0.131	3.64
1 child (ref)
2 children	0.044	2.92	0.126	4.55	-0.062	-2.33	-0.026	-0.95	0.046	1.22
3 children or more	0.046	2.26	0.010	0.70	0.018	1.03	-0.058	-2.02	0.008	0.19
Has a medical condition	0.212	10.46	0.107	6.77	-0.106	-4.77	-0.057	-2.02	0.035	0.90
Parent weekly income ($000)	-0.193	-3.85	0.046	0.88	0.082	1.41	-0.033	-0.29	0.056	0.53
Parent income ($000) squared	0.034	2.35	-0.025	-1.73	-0.007	-0.38	0.035	1.11	-0.026	-0.93
Constant	1.836	10.90	2.765	10.56	3.765	10.88	3.590	10.64	1.892	5.40
	(n=7,945)		(n=7,072)		(n=7,070)		(n=3,659)		(n=3,658)
R²	0.071		0.023		0.017		0.021		0.089

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: t=1.960 for p=0.05, t=2.576 for p=0.01 and t=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D4: Wellbeing Model Set 1, OLS, all fathers
	Psychological distress		Arguments with partner		Relationship quality		Work–family gains		Work–family strains
	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score
Not employed	0.069	1.73	-0.013	-0.43	-0.081	-2.47	n/a		n/a
Part-time	0.054	1.92	0.064	2.67	-0.070	-1.85	0.038	0.71	-0.228	-5.21
Full-time (ref)
Age	0.012	1.24	0.006	0.63	0.002	0.18	-0.027	-1.38	0.020	2.11
Age squared	0.000	-1.31	0.000	-0.24	0.000	-0.48	0.000	1.28	0.000	-1.88
Incomplete secondary (ref)
Complete secondary only	0.022	0.79	-0.019	-0.69	0.030	0.88	0.048	1.28	-0.036	-0.87
Certificate/diploma	-0.004	-0.16	-0.019	-0.92	0.021	0.89	0.030	1.45	0.007	0.27
Bachelor degree or higher	0.048	1.47	-0.046	-1.71	0.059	2.02	0.015	0.49	0.024	1.00
Australian-born (ref)
Not Australian-born, good English	0.025	1.41	0.009	0.56	-0.007	-0.35	0.005	0.22	0.001	0.02
Not Australian-born, not good English	0.067	1.29	-0.050	-0.56	-0.074	-1.87	-0.053	-0.47	0.210	1.92
Couple parent (ref)
Single parent	0.117	0.75	n/a		n/a		0.005	0.06	0.123	0.52
Remoteness area classification	-0.025	-3.26	-0.011	-1.27	0.003	0.38	0.024	2.18	-0.020	-1.96
Youngest aged < 1 (ref)
Youngest aged 1	-0.021	-1.01	0.020	0.98	-0.018	-0.88	0.027	0.98	-0.043	-1.88
Youngest aged 2–3	-0.007	-0.42	0.051	1.63	-0.035	-0.78	-0.003	-0.10	-0.034	-0.92
Youngest aged 4–5	0.015	1.06	0.077	4.63	-0.072	-3.37	0.034	1.43	0.008	0.26
1 child (ref)
2 children	0.001	0.03	0.102	3.89	-0.057	-2.23	-0.006	-0.21	0.104	2.70
3 children or more	0.014	0.96	-0.001	-0.03	0.036	1.91	0.005	0.31	0.029	1.32
Has a medical condition	0.141	7.82	0.045	2.57	-0.071	-5.07	-0.048	-2.28	0.077	2.49
Parent weekly income ($000)	-0.128	-2.14	0.086	1.90	0.031	0.75	-0.149	-2.37	0.014	0.19
Parent income ($000) squared	0.021	1.42	-0.027	-2.02	-0.009	-0.67	0.045	2.42	0.001	0.05
Constant	1.427	8.51	1.863	10.70	4.459	21.34	4.265	10.91	2.293	13.18
	(n=6,371)		(n=6,535)		(n=6,533)		(n=5,776)		(n=5,776)
R²	0.024		0.017		0.014		0.007		0.018

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: t=1.960 for p=0.05, t=2.576 for p=0.01 and t=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D5: Wellbeing Model Set 2, logistic regression, employed mothers
	Fair or poor health		Some to very many difficulties		Problems coping		Time pressure
	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score
1–15 hours	-0.437	-3.10	-0.508	-4.20	-0.426	-3.91	-0.810	-7.11
16–24 hours	-0.760	-4.86	-0.465	-6.14	-0.380	-3.53	-0.589	-7.20
25–34 hours	-0.148	-0.60	-0.300	-3.13	-0.262	-2.00	-0.257	-2.15
35 hours or more (ref)
Self-employed	0.328	1.81	0.443	4.55	0.246	2.23	0.275	3.34
Casual employee	-0.091	-0.39	0.127	1.10	0.112	1.19	-0.030	-0.25
Permanent employee (ref)
Sometimes works weekends	-0.112	-1.07	-0.024	-0.38	0.066	1.14	0.200	2.27
Sometimes works evenings/nights	-0.294	-2.76	0.240	3.56	0.067	0.84	0.134	1.96
Flexible hours	-0.368	-2.04	-0.175	-2.00	-0.199	-2.62	-0.050	-0.55
Can change hours with approval	-0.397	-1.74	-0.007	-0.07	-0.065	-0.72	0.108	0.98
Cannot change start/finish times (ref)
Perceived level of job security	-0.012	-0.17	-0.054	-1.26	-0.082	-2.90	-0.027	-0.90
Level of job autonomy	-0.200	-3.94	-0.109	-4.78	-0.134	-3.48	-0.056	-1.59
Age	0.023	0.23	0.027	0.34	0.093	1.34	0.029	0.39
Age squared	0.000	-0.23	0.000	-0.17	-0.001	-1.09	0.000	-0.13
Incomplete secondary (ref)
Complete secondary only	-0.250	-0.89	0.203	1.66	0.152	1.15	0.288	2.68
Certificate/diploma	0.011	0.04	0.312	2.78	0.045	0.37	0.202	2.36
Bachelor degree or higher	0.129	0.63	0.543	3.40	0.061	0.43	0.492	4.29
Australian-born (ref)
Not Australian-born, good English	0.394	2.82	-0.172	-1.87	0.011	0.11	-0.404	-4.32
Not Australian-born, not good English	1.283	3.00	-0.854	-1.99	0.208	0.62	-0.485	-1.03
Couple parent (ref)
Single parent	0.331	1.31	0.541	2.88	0.024	0.19	0.444	2.18
Remoteness area classification	-0.068	-1.11	-0.087	-2.22	0.008	0.22	-0.101	-2.73
Youngest aged <1 (ref)
Youngest aged 1	0.175	0.96	0.202	1.91	0.297	3.22	0.122	0.92
Youngest aged 2–3	0.099	0.41	0.029	0.23	0.217	2.41	0.132	1.09
Youngest aged 4–5	0.027	0.11	0.035	0.39	0.026	0.32	0.046	0.39
1 child (ref)
2 children	-0.029	-0.17	0.147	1.64	0.191	2.20	0.483	5.19
3 children or more	-0.222	-1.30	0.277	4.82	0.048	0.82	0.308	3.51
Has a medical condition	1.230	8.92	0.474	5.48	0.337	4.76	0.243	2.91
Parent weekly income ($000)	0.063	0.42	0.127	2.00	0.060	1.05	-0.080	-1.41
Parent income ($000) squared	-0.224	-0.42	-0.638	-2.40	-0.374	-1.71	0.402	1.86
Constant	-1.795	-1.22	-0.129	-0.10	-1.080	-0.94	-1.254	-0.99
	(n=3,629)		(n=3,628)		(n=3,627)		(n=3,629)
Pseudo R²	0.078		0.043		0.026		0.056

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: z=1.960 for p=0.05, z=2.576 for p=0.01 and z=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D6: Wellbeing Model Set 2, logistic regression, employed fathers
	Fair or poor health		Some to very many difficulties		Problems coping		Time pressure
	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score
1–34 hours	-0.152	-0.87	-0.042	-0.29	0.016	0.14	-0.696	-5.46
35–44 hours	-0.401	-2.59	-0.271	-2.51	-0.147	-2.38	-0.793	-9.06
45–54 hours	-0.243	-1.97	-0.093	-1.09	-0.089	-1.16	-0.423	-4.67
55 hours or more (ref)
Self-employed	0.133	0.89	0.176	2.27	-0.002	-0.02	0.335	3.24
Casual employee	0.163	0.77	-0.180	-1.51	-0.304	-2.11	-0.296	-1.49
Permanent employee (ref)
Sometimes works weekends	0.030	0.24	0.094	1.39	-0.003	-0.05	-0.110	-1.33
Sometimes works evenings/nights	0.075	0.62	0.255	3.92	0.124	1.83	0.385	8.19
Flexible hours	-0.117	-0.95	-0.091	-0.97	-0.184	-2.32	-0.230	-2.33
Can change hours with approval	-0.204	-1.85	-0.017	-0.21	-0.127	-1.42	-0.067	-0.82
Cannot change start/finish times (ref)
Perceived level of job security	-0.186	-3.02	-0.223	-7.29	-0.293	-7.62	-0.075	-2.20
Level of job autonomy	-0.194	-6.18	-0.176	-8.47	-0.256	-7.83	-0.061	-2.22
Age	-0.014	-0.27	0.124	3.68	0.072	1.92	0.088	2.64
Age squared	0.000	0.47	-0.001	-3.45	-0.001	-1.68	-0.001	-2.72
Incomplete secondary (ref)
Complete secondary only	-0.198	-0.86	0.254	2.41	0.095	1.08	0.192	1.35
Certificate/diploma	-0.298	-2.18	0.110	1.43	0.018	0.26	0.209	1.90
Bachelor degree or higher	-0.081	-0.42	0.361	4.28	0.046	0.40	0.399	3.80
Australian-born (ref)
Not Australian-born, good English	-0.079	-0.77	-0.254	-3.76	-0.038	-0.61	-0.295	-3.36
Not Australian-born, not good English	-0.878	-1.46	-0.849	-1.80	0.313	1.49	-0.966	-2.74
Couple parent (ref)
Single parent	(a)		1.597	2.90	0.734	1.18	0.413	0.46
Remoteness area classification	-0.098	-1.98	-0.067	-2.10	-0.046	-1.33	-0.104	-2.64
Youngest aged <1 (ref)
Youngest aged 1	0.023	0.18	-0.020	-0.18	-0.034	-0.41	-0.073	-0.81
Youngest aged 2–3	-0.063	-0.48	-0.106	-1.40	0.089	1.16	-0.092	-0.84
Youngest aged 4–5	-0.106	-0.90	-0.061	-0.84	0.043	0.53	-0.088	-1.00
1 child (ref)
2 children	0.032	0.32	0.062	0.79	0.116	2.19	0.108	1.10
3 children or more	0.961	9.96	0.398	4.79	0.371	4.49	0.129	1.82
Has a medical condition	0.038	0.33	0.075	0.94	0.086	1.29	0.053	0.96
Parent weekly income ($000)	-0.086	-1.10	0.069	1.11	0.016	0.30	0.056	0.97
Parent income ($000) squared	0.165	0.61	-0.282	-1.32	-0.230	-1.16	-0.069	-0.28
Constant	-0.557	-0.57	-1.440	-2.14	0.424	0.56	-1.134	-1.68
	(n=3,629)		(n=3,628)		(n=3,627)		(n=3,629)
Pseudo R²	0.078		0.043		0.026		0.056

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: z=1.960 for p=0.05, z=2.576 for p=0.01 and z=3.291 for p=0.001.

(a) Single fathers were excluded from this model, as all not-employed single fathers were identified as having poor health.

Table D7: Wellbeing Model Set 2, OLS, employed mothers
	Psychological distress		Arguments with partner		Relationship quality		Work–family gains		Work–family strains
	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score
1–15 hours	-0.093	-2.38	-0.112	-3.34	0.120	2.43	0.084	2.86	-0.500	-11.77
16–24 hours	-0.129	-5.24	-0.088	-3.73	0.089	2.80	0.108	3.57	-0.315	-8.38
25–34 hours	-0.106	-3.10	-0.057	-1.37	0.033	0.53	0.061	1.24	-0.201	-4.24
35 hours or more (ref)
Self-employed	0.125	2.92	0.042	1.49	-0.090	-3.73	-0.084	-2.17	-0.042	-0.98
Casual employee	0.000	0.00	0.057	1.81	-0.046	-1.12	0.026	0.99	-0.094	-2.34
Permanent employee (ref)
Sometimes works weekends	0.028	1.06	-0.004	-0.20	-0.008	-0.36	0.009	0.40	0.093	3.24
Sometimes works evenings/nights	-0.019	-0.75	-0.009	-0.28	0.041	1.27	-0.010	-0.44	0.072	2.73
Flexible hours	-0.073	-3.43	-0.027	-0.90	0.066	1.76	-0.003	-0.12	-0.226	-7.29
Can change hours with approval	-0.013	-0.62	0.010	0.44	0.031	0.85	0.019	0.44	-0.069	-1.51
Cannot change start/finish times (ref)
Perceived level of job security	-0.029	-3.87	-0.023	-1.51	0.022	1.48	0.008	0.59	-0.035	-3.61
Level of job autonomy	-0.056	-7.48	-0.024	-2.46	0.029	1.88	0.147	12.27	-0.081	-6.33
Age	0.021	1.23	-0.027	-0.83	0.053	2.02	-0.003	-0.13	0.037	1.74
Age squared	0.000	-1.34	0.000	1.05	-0.001	-2.44	0.000	-0.02	0.000	-1.04
Complete secondary only	0.012	0.33	-0.013	-0.29	0.049	1.02	0.024	0.63	0.111	2.00
Certificate/diploma	0.052	1.52	0.004	0.14	0.049	1.15	0.068	3.23	0.082	1.41
Bachelor degree or higher	0.078	2.33	-0.009	-0.31	0.097	2.84	0.119	4.79	0.299	7.20
Not Australian-born, good English	0.052	1.76	0.054	1.99	-0.048	-1.49	-0.059	-2.17	-0.041	-1.13
Not Australian-born, not good English	0.219	1.66	0.335	3.43	-0.094	-0.90	0.251	2.09	0.083	0.65
Single parent	0.130	3.38	n/a		n/a		0.095	1.57	0.164	2.30
Remoteness area classification	-0.026	-2.69	-0.004	-0.34	-0.001	-0.07	0.012	0.71	-0.012	-0.58
Youngest aged 1	0.033	1.51	0.025	0.59	0.004	0.09	0.015	0.51	0.039	1.12
Youngest aged 2–3	0.065	1.98	0.039	0.83	0.004	0.10	0.065	1.65	0.052	0.83
Youngest aged 4–5	0.063	3.06	0.052	1.74	-0.039	-1.12	0.025	0.76	0.081	2.48
2 children	0.053	2.36	0.110	2.37	-0.037	-0.78	-0.023	-0.92	0.054	1.43
3 children or more	-0.008	-0.41	0.017	0.66	0.003	0.09	-0.041	-1.50	0.038	0.95
Has a medical condition	0.158	8.17	0.101	3.16	-0.110	-3.57	-0.055	-1.92	0.034	0.86
Parent weekly income ($000)	0.023	1.39	-0.031	-1.55	0.013	0.69	0.026	1.01	0.011	0.40
Parent income ($000) squared	-0.141	-2.13	0.085	1.14	-0.011	-0.17	-0.032	-0.32	-0.074	-0.72
Constant	1.646	6.32	2.585	4.57	3.330	7.49	3.053	8.36	2.347	5.85
	(n=3,631)		(n=3,344)		(n=3,346)		(n=3,631)		(n=3,624)
R²	0.078		0.037		0.033		0.081		0.153

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: t=1.960 for p=0.05, t=2.576 for p=0.01 and t=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D8: Wellbeing Model Set 2, OLS, employed fathers
	Psychological distress		Arguments with partner		Relationship quality		Work–family gains		Work–family strains
	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score
1–34 hours	0.014	0.34	0.080	3.28	-0.078	-2.24	0.089	1.79	-0.371	-7.24
35–44 hours	-0.045	-2.58	0.006	0.36	-0.021	-1.01	0.111	3.28	-0.212	-5.31
45–54 hours	-0.024	-1.44	0.035	1.88	-0.039	-1.76	0.048	1.42	-0.150	-5.15
55 hours or more (ref)
Self-employed	0.054	2.95	0.022	1.10	-0.011	-0.39	0.077	3.27	-0.043	-1.79
Casual employee	-0.039	-1.26	-0.060	-1.58	-0.047	-0.89	0.032	0.72	0.027	0.50
Permanent employee (ref)
Sometimes works weekends	-0.016	-0.89	0.039	2.69	-0.015	-0.63	0.004	0.24	0.029	1.56
Sometimes works evenings/nights	0.026	1.53	-0.010	-0.45	0.001	0.04	-0.049	-1.97	0.125	4.18
Flexible hours	-0.079	-3.04	-0.061	-2.21	0.019	0.76	0.041	1.52	-0.194	-6.62
Can change hours with approval	-0.062	-2.24	-0.022	-0.64	0.027	1.11	0.049	2.07	-0.100	-3.23
Cannot change start/finish times (ref)
Perceived level of job security	-0.075	-9.58	-0.045	-4.49	0.046	4.12	0.058	6.26	-0.069	-6.57
Level of job autonomy	-0.056	-5.94	-0.030	-4.41	0.037	5.79	0.130	11.98	-0.072	-6.64
Age	0.007	0.83	0.001	0.11	0.005	0.32	-0.028	-1.52	0.021	2.10
Age squared	0.000	-0.95	0.000	0.15	0.000	-0.58	0.000	1.38	0.000	-1.77
Complete secondary only	0.043	1.36	-0.021	-0.58	0.020	0.49	0.028	0.79	-0.004	-0.08
Certificate/diploma	0.020	0.84	-0.024	-0.94	0.020	0.83	0.011	0.61	0.023	0.75
Bachelor degree or higher	0.085	2.95	-0.050	-1.77	0.055	1.86	-0.018	-0.59	0.066	2.47
Not Australian-born, good English	0.013	0.78	0.035	2.11	-0.037	-1.80	0.006	0.35	-0.003	-0.12
Not Australian-born, not good English	-0.099	-1.33	0.006	0.07	-0.064	-0.96	0.023	0.20	0.119	1.02
Single parent	0.233	1.34	n/a		n/a		-0.008	-0.06	0.152	0.55
Remoteness area classification	-0.023	-2.84	-0.019	-1.83	0.005	0.70	0.027	2.22	-0.028	-2.63
Youngest aged 1	-0.008	-0.39	0.023	1.06	-0.009	-0.42	0.030	1.29	-0.046	-2.31
Youngest aged 2–3	-0.022	-1.24	0.057	1.70	-0.030	-0.65	0.003	0.13	-0.045	-1.24
Youngest aged 4–5	0.001	0.06	0.067	3.94	-0.058	-2.58	0.038	1.82	-0.001	-0.04
2 children	0.019	0.85	0.118	4.66	-0.065	-2.32	-0.023	-0.90	0.113	2.95
3 children or more	0.122	7.55	0.047	2.49	-0.077	-4.76	-0.041	-1.89	0.069	2.27
Has a medical condition	-0.003	-0.11	-0.004	-0.24	0.029	1.23	0.014	0.79	0.012	0.60
Parent weekly income ($000)	0.010	0.57	-0.028	-2.13	0.002	0.18	0.031	1.49	0.005	0.23
Parent income ($000) squared	-0.074	-1.08	0.111	2.22	-0.021	-0.50	-0.108	-1.55	-0.005	-0.07
Constant	1.964	12.90	2.166	9.78	4.210	14.00	3.527	10.41	2.914	14.79
	(n=5,576)		(n=5,714)		(n=5,709)		(n=5,745)		(n=5,744)
Pseudo R²	0.057		0.033		0.027		0.083		0.080

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: t=1.960 for p=0.05, t=2.576 for p=0.01 and t=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D9: Wellbeing Model Set 3, logistic regression, couple mothers
	Fair or poor health		Some to very many difficulties		Problems coping		Time pressure
	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score
Own hours worked
Not employed	-0.063	-0.40	-0.463	-4.78	-0.276	-3.65	-0.987	-9.05
1–15	-0.364	-2.12	-0.430	-4.23	-0.340	-3.86	-0.759	-7.09
16–24	-0.629	-3.39	-0.413	-5.02	-0.398	-3.56	-0.610	-6.40
25–34	-0.068	-0.26	-0.228	-2.41	-0.224	-1.94	-0.105	-0.93
35 or more (ref)
Partner's hours worked
Not employed	0.348	2.26	-0.154	-1.07	-0.152	-1.17	-0.287	-2.26
1–34	0.365	2.09	0.051	0.49	0.018	0.18	0.004	0.02
35–44	0.270	1.79	-0.289	-3.51	-0.109	-1.64	-0.247	-3.08
45–54	0.036	0.31	-0.183	-2.36	-0.060	-0.88	-0.110	-1.46
55 or more (ref)
Age	-0.131	-1.74	-0.045	-1.17	0.065	1.47	0.033	0.71
Age squared	0.002	1.72	0.001	1.54	-0.001	-1.04	0.000	-0.34
Complete secondary only	-0.013	-0.08	0.159	1.67	0.048	0.46	0.253	2.73
Certificate/diploma	-0.054	-0.34	0.266	3.79	0.068	0.75	0.225	3.07
Bachelor degree or higher	-0.048	-0.40	0.456	4.68	0.110	1.10	0.422	5.89
Not Australian-born, good English	0.338	2.75	-0.081	-1.00	0.096	1.34	-0.428	-5.15
Not Australian-born, not good English	0.294	1.37	-0.560	-3.14	0.576	3.98	-0.089	-0.43
Remoteness area classification	-0.093	-1.45	-0.066	-2.14	-0.016	-0.57	-0.061	-2.56
Youngest aged 1	0.010	0.07	0.202	3.00	0.194	2.36	-0.026	-0.28
Youngest aged 2–3	0.106	0.67	0.158	1.93	0.275	4.85	0.092	1.07
Youngest aged 4–5	0.141	1.10	0.062	0.85	0.051	0.88	0.007	0.08
2 children	0.185	1.23	0.150	1.71	0.163	3.13	0.517	11.29
3 children or more	-0.124	-1.22	0.269	4.22	0.072	1.18	0.410	8.11
Has a medical condition	1.261	15.24	0.511	8.34	0.413	6.87	0.363	6.33
Parent weekly income ($000)	-0.606	-1.80	-0.393	-1.74	-0.301	-1.85	0.168	1.21
Parent income ($000) squared	0.122	1.20	0.044	0.81	0.019	0.47	-0.014	-0.37
Constant	-0.330	-0.24	0.620	1.08	-1.267	-1.74	-1.097	-1.42
	(n=7,064)		(n=7,071)		(n=7,064)		(n=7,069)
Pseudo R²	0.072		0.027		0.019		0.063

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: z=1.960 for p=0.05, z=2.576 for p=0.01 and z=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D10: Wellbeing Model Set 3, logistic regression, couple fathers
	Fair or poor health		Some to very many difficulties		Problems coping		Time pressure
	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score
Own hours worked
Not employed	0.365	1.74	-0.141	-0.90	-0.039	-0.31	-1.394	-9.45
1–34 hours	-0.075	-0.48	-0.176	-1.12	-0.090	-1.05	-0.818	-5.77
35–44 hours	-0.414	-2.93	-0.342	-3.80	-0.143	-2.35	-0.867	-10.45
45–54 hours	-0.239	-1.75	-0.126	-1.37	-0.109	-1.19	-0.450	-5.05
55 or more (ref)	0.365	1.74	-0.141	-0.90	-0.039	-0.31	-1.394	-9.45
Partner's hours worked
Not employed	-0.047	-0.35	-0.013	-0.17	-0.296	-3.19	0.077	0.94
1–15 hours	-0.081	-0.55	-0.020	-0.22	-0.364	-3.89	0.233	2.43
16–24 hours	-0.253	-1.65	-0.068	-0.66	-0.263	-2.41	-0.015	-0.16
25–34 hours	0.130	0.52	-0.236	-1.64	-0.123	-0.96	0.228	2.03
35 or more (ref)
Age	0.039	0.86	0.111	3.85	0.074	2.42	0.080	2.68
Age squared	0.000	-0.66	-0.001	-3.49	-0.001	-2.15	-0.001	-2.92
Complete secondary only	-0.102	-0.46	0.131	1.30	0.012	0.12	0.159	1.11
Certificate/diploma	-0.257	-2.21	0.057	0.77	0.009	0.16	0.222	2.14
Bachelor degree or higher	-0.127	-0.79	0.271	3.31	-0.004	-0.04	0.365	3.12
Not Australian-born, good English	-0.128	-1.78	-0.297	-4.79	-0.054	-0.93	-0.340	-3.57
Not Australian-born, not good English	0.659	3.41	-0.379	-1.12	0.518	2.43	-0.394	-0.75
Remoteness area classification	-0.054	-1.06	-0.089	-2.89	-0.065	-2.42	-0.116	-3.21
Youngest aged 1	0.032	0.28	-0.023	-0.22	-0.074	-0.98	-0.037	-0.40
Youngest aged 2–3	0.007	0.06	-0.080	-1.30	0.058	0.70	-0.033	-0.32
Youngest aged 4–5	-0.020	-0.21	-0.003	-0.05	0.035	0.43	-0.005	-0.06
2 children	0.008	0.09	0.022	0.26	0.061	1.73	0.094	1.00
3 children or more	0.086	0.75	0.095	1.60	0.128	2.35	0.103	2.26
Has a medical condition	1.083	13.70	0.423	5.04	0.374	5.75	0.130	2.03
Parent weekly income ($000)	-0.190	-0.84	-0.323	-2.45	-0.385	-2.26	0.003	0.02
Parent income ($000) squared	-0.001	-0.01	0.075	2.00	0.034	0.76	0.039	0.83
Constant	-2.588	-3.20	-2.125	-4.19	-0.969	-1.78	-1.435	-2.21
	(n=6,530)		(n=6,329)		(n=6,325)		(n=6,325)
Pseudo R²	0.058		0.019		0.015		0.046

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: z=1.960 for p=0.05, z=2.576 for p=0.01 and z=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D11: Wellbeing Model Set 3, OLS, couple mothers
	Psychological distress		Arguments with partner		Relationship quality		Work–family gains		Work–family strains
	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score
Own hours worked
Not employed	-0.032	-1.21	-0.070	-3.09	0.081	2.40	n/a		n/a
1–15 hours	-0.088	-2.31	-0.094	-2.60	0.101	2.07	0.081	2.70	-0.599	-12.93
16–24 hours	-0.123	-4.02	-0.077	-3.32	0.079	2.62	0.106	3.04	-0.338	-7.00
25–34 hours	-0.073	-1.86	-0.039	-0.91	0.013	0.23	0.066	1.31	-0.202	-3.49
35 or more (ref)
Partner's hours worked
Not employed	-0.042	-0.89	0.065	1.32	0.000	0.01	-0.094	-1.02	0.006	0.06
1–34 hours	-0.005	-0.20	0.051	1.58	-0.006	-0.11	0.018	0.35	0.024	0.33
35–44 hours	-0.053	-2.88	-0.002	-0.07	0.057	2.35	0.049	1.01	-0.022	-0.44
45–54 hours	-0.005	-0.38	0.024	1.37	0.018	0.97	0.041	0.97	0.013	0.36
55 or more (ref)
Age	-0.013	-1.21	-0.041	-2.49	0.035	1.77	-0.011	-0.48	0.035	1.36
Age squared	0.000	0.62	0.001	2.78	-0.001	-2.09	0.000	0.31	0.000	-0.80
Complete secondary only	0.011	0.43	-0.005	-0.22	-0.003	-0.08	0.043	1.22	0.079	1.32
Certificate/diploma	0.041	2.47	0.005	0.24	0.004	0.15	0.088	2.96	0.071	1.30
Bachelor degree or higher	0.079	3.76	0.017	0.96	0.031	1.12	0.140	4.63	0.327	7.78
Not Australian-born, good English	0.086	2.37	0.019	0.97	-0.018	-0.64	-0.046	-1.64	-0.036	-1.15
Not Australian-born, not good English	-0.054	-0.80	-0.074	-1.49	0.046	0.85	0.267	2.03	0.144	1.17
Remoteness area classification	-0.023	-2.03	-0.010	-0.90	0.001	0.12	0.011	0.73	-0.011	-0.55
Youngest aged 1	0.056	4.18	0.017	0.61	-0.018	-0.68	0.017	0.56	0.017	0.44
Youngest aged 2–3	0.109	5.24	0.045	1.29	-0.023	-0.99	0.045	1.32	0.028	0.38
Youngest aged 4–5	0.112	5.63	0.035	1.42	-0.032	-1.23	0.009	0.26	0.064	1.65
2 children	0.040	2.66	0.125	4.27	-0.063	-2.20	-0.021	-0.83	0.083	1.97
3 children or more	0.046	2.74	0.009	0.60	0.021	1.20	-0.043	-1.69	0.034	0.80
Has a medical condition	0.200	10.05	0.109	6.80	-0.107	-4.71	-0.051	-1.95	0.035	0.79
Parent weekly income ($000)	-0.205	-3.81	0.080	1.20	0.062	0.91	-0.067	-0.54	-0.031	-0.35
Parent income ($000) squared	0.034	2.34	-0.034	-1.95	0.001	0.04	0.043	1.28	-0.010	-0.41
Constant	2.023	13.07	2.685	9.81	3.765	10.83	3.735	10.03	1.927	4.59
	(n=7,072)		(n=7,010)		(n=7,009)		(n=3,362)		(n=3,361)
R²	0.052		0.024		0.018		0.025		0.111

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: t=1.960 for p=0.05, t=2.576 for p=0.01 and t=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D12: Wellbeing Model Set 3, OLS, couple fathers
	Psychological distress		Arguments with partner		Relationship quality		Work–family gains		Work–family strains
	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score
Own hours worked
Not employed	0.034	0.85	-0.014	-0.39	-0.083	-1.96	n/a		n/a
1–34 hours	0.019	0.58	0.059	2.36	-0.066	-1.57	0.082	1.45	-0.380	-7.67
35–44 hours	-0.049	-2.58	-0.004	-0.26	-0.012	-0.59	0.066	1.88	-0.224	-6.24
45–54 hours	-0.028	-1.53	0.027	1.82	-0.034	-1.50	0.032	0.83	-0.157	-5.34
55 or more (ref)
Partner's hours worked
Not employed	-0.013	-0.69	-0.048	-2.03	0.071	2.29	0.005	0.15	0.017	0.55
1–15 hours	-0.043	-2.08	-0.057	-1.72	0.081	2.29	0.051	1.50	-0.052	-1.80
16–24 hours	-0.059	-1.94	-0.069	-3.13	0.107	4.25	0.076	2.24	-0.075	-2.07
25–34 hours	-0.039	-1.23	-0.002	-0.04	-0.027	-0.58	0.073	2.18	-0.044	-1.00
35 or more (ref)
Age	0.010	1.09	0.008	0.84	-0.001	-0.09	-0.030	-1.52	0.016	1.73
Age squared	0.000	-1.13	0.000	-0.49	0.000	-0.16	0.000	1.44	0.000	-1.53
Complete secondary only	0.026	0.90	-0.013	-0.44	0.028	0.77	0.046	1.19	-0.020	-0.50
Certificate/diploma	-0.004	-0.18	-0.014	-0.65	0.019	0.78	0.033	1.61	0.011	0.43
Bachelor degree or higher	0.049	1.50	-0.039	-1.45	0.055	1.81	0.015	0.52	0.031	1.32
Not Australian-born, good English	0.026	1.50	0.004	0.28	-0.002	-0.09	0.007	0.33	0.003	0.12
Not Australian-born, not good English	0.019	0.34	-0.060	-0.69	-0.056	-1.33	-0.035	-0.33	0.161	1.21
Remoteness area classification	-0.024	-3.25	-0.013	-1.34	0.004	0.57	0.025	2.23	-0.024	-2.32
Youngest aged 1	-0.021	-1.07	0.017	0.84	-0.016	-0.72	0.018	0.74	-0.039	-1.79
Youngest aged 2–3	-0.004	-0.25	0.046	1.36	-0.023	-0.54	-0.011	-0.48	-0.020	-0.55
Youngest aged 4–5	0.018	1.24	0.073	3.90	-0.062	-2.48	0.024	0.86	0.019	0.62
2 children	0.004	0.18	0.105	4.03	-0.064	-2.51	-0.005	-0.17	0.099	2.68
3 children or more	0.010	0.63	-0.001	-0.04	0.032	1.63	0.012	0.66	0.015	0.67
Has a medical condition	0.142	7.88	0.045	2.61	-0.068	-4.76	-0.047	-2.28	0.073	2.31
Parent weekly income ($000)	-0.122	-1.91	0.069	1.50	0.051	1.17	-0.163	-2.48	0.043	0.54
Parent income ($000) squared	0.017	1.13	-0.024	-1.80	-0.012	-0.93	0.050	2.55	-0.013	-0.63
Constant	1.503	8.98	1.878	11.37	4.443	22.76	4.239	11.42	2.520	13.91
	(n=6,311)		(n=6,504)		(n=6,502)		(n=5,739)		(n=5,739)
R²	0.026		0.018		0.017		0.01		0.033

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: t=1.960 for p=0.05, t=2.576 for p=0.01 and t=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D13: Wellbeing Model Set 4, logistic regression, employed mothers
	Fair or poor health		Some to very many difficulties		Problems coping		Time pressure
	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score
1–15 hours	-0.454	-2.79	-0.375	-3.13	-0.295	-2.42	-0.538	-4.73
16–24 hours	-0.701	-4.55	-0.284	-3.57	-0.203	-1.75	-0.334	-4.01
25–34 hours	-0.107	-0.46	-0.165	-1.52	-0.137	-1.00	-0.067	-0.55
35 or more (ref)
Prefer fewer hours	0.229	1.76	0.493	6.82	0.478	6.89	0.633	9.69
Prefer same hours (ref)
Prefer more hours	0.519	2.35	0.498	5.90	0.454	4.02	0.060	0.47
Self-employed	0.299	1.73	0.418	4.18	0.212	1.92	0.257	2.82
Casual employee	-0.127	-0.57	0.112	0.96	0.109	1.16	-0.006	-0.05
Sometimes works weekends	-0.127	-1.18	-0.034	-0.53	0.051	0.88	0.191	2.27
Sometimes works evenings/nights	-0.301	-2.80	0.232	3.21	0.064	0.75	0.135	1.96
Flexible hours	-0.346	-1.94	-0.143	-1.64	-0.176	-2.28	-0.032	-0.36
Can change hours with approval	-0.379	-1.62	0.019	0.20	-0.051	-0.56	0.119	1.06
Perceived level of job security	-0.005	-0.06	-0.044	-1.09	-0.074	-2.62	-0.025	-0.83
Level of job autonomy	-0.190	-3.56	-0.092	-3.94	-0.118	-2.94	-0.036	-1.03
Age	0.021	0.22	0.028	0.32	0.091	1.24	0.021	0.27
Age squared	0.000	-0.23	0.000	-0.19	-0.001	-1.04	0.000	-0.06
Complete secondary only	-0.210	-0.74	0.226	1.82	0.162	1.17	0.272	2.54
Certificate/diploma	0.019	0.07	0.320	2.84	0.061	0.49	0.205	2.48
Bachelor degree or higher	0.135	0.64	0.540	3.42	0.058	0.39	0.483	4.27
Not Australian-born, good English	0.395	2.86	-0.180	-1.93	0.009	0.09	-0.404	-4.19
Not Australian-born, not good English	1.288	2.84	-0.795	-1.76	0.271	0.67	-0.392	-0.90
Single parent	0.282	1.06	0.522	2.69	0.013	0.11	0.477	2.38
Remoteness area classification	-0.060	-0.97	-0.074	-1.88	0.020	0.57	-0.091	-2.44
Youngest aged 1	0.171	0.94	0.206	1.98	0.302	3.11	0.133	0.98
Youngest aged 2–3	0.112	0.47	0.036	0.30	0.225	2.51	0.138	1.16
Youngest aged 4–5	0.031	0.12	0.063	0.68	0.043	0.54	0.082	0.68
2 children	-0.035	-0.21	0.149	1.69	0.198	2.38	0.498	5.23
3 children or more	-0.212	-1.25	0.280	4.68	0.051	0.84	0.303	3.32
Has a medical condition	1.232	8.60	0.484	5.57	0.349	5.00	0.260	3.09
Parent weekly income ($000)	-0.218	-0.40	-0.599	-2.25	-0.299	-1.34	0.494	2.27
Parent income ($000) squared	0.063	0.41	0.118	1.82	0.042	0.73	-0.105	-1.81
Constant	-1.966	-1.34	-0.562	-0.39	-1.479	-1.21	-1.630	-1.24
	(n=3,619)		(n=3,618)		(n=3,617)		(n=3,619)
Pseudo R²	0.082		0.051		0.034		0.065

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: z=1.960 for p=0.05, z=2.576 for p=0.01 and z=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D14: Wellbeing Model Set 4, logistic regression, employed fathers
	Fair or poor health		Some to very many difficulties		Problems coping		Time pressure
	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score	coefficient	z-score
1–34 hours	-0.073	-0.36	0.014	0.09	0.064	0.57	-0.445	-3.76
35–44 hours	-0.309	-1.94	-0.171	-1.56	-0.066	-1.03	-0.604	-6.18
45–54 hours	-0.174	-1.37	-0.028	-0.34	-0.039	-0.52	-0.306	-3.67
55 hours or more (ref)
Prefer fewer hours	0.373	3.27	0.375	7.96	0.295	5.16	0.647	10.44
Prefer same hours (ref)
Prefer more hours	0.448	1.97	0.532	5.70	0.376	2.86	0.109	0.63
Self-employed	0.113	0.74	0.164	2.19	-0.014	-0.22	0.326	3.13
Casual employee	0.111	0.50	-0.191	-1.55	-0.305	-1.99	-0.256	-1.24
Sometimes works weekends	0.025	0.20	0.080	1.16	-0.013	-0.22	-0.117	-1.40
Sometimes works evenings/nights	0.080	0.67	0.247	3.82	0.115	1.71	0.383	8.19
Flexible hours	-0.077	-0.61	-0.053	-0.56	-0.160	-2.05	-0.193	-1.90
Can change hours with approval	-0.167	-1.53	0.006	0.08	-0.115	-1.32	-0.054	-0.64
Perceived level of job security	-0.179	-2.84	-0.218	-6.88	-0.289	-7.38	-0.069	-1.93
Level of job autonomy	-0.183	-5.75	-0.166	-7.74	-0.248	-7.62	-0.048	-1.87
Age	-0.017	-0.31	0.117	3.60	0.066	1.76	0.073	2.28
Age squared	0.000	0.47	-0.001	-3.39	-0.001	-1.55	-0.001	-2.47
Complete secondary only	-0.176	-0.77	0.263	2.43	0.089	0.98	0.187	1.32
Certificate/diploma	-0.281	-1.98	0.115	1.45	0.012	0.15	0.201	1.79
Bachelor degree or higher	-0.077	-0.39	0.360	4.29	0.033	0.28	0.376	3.41
Not Australian-born, good English	-0.064	-0.61	-0.247	-3.81	-0.031	-0.49	-0.273	-3.31
Not Australian-born, not good English	-0.833	-1.49	-0.829	-1.52	0.408	1.56	-0.855	-2.12
Single parent			1.583	2.97	0.717	1.20	0.462	0.54
Remoteness area classification	-0.089	-1.70	-0.056	-1.80	-0.036	-1.03	-0.091	-2.25
Youngest aged 1	0.028	0.22	-0.012	-0.10	-0.029	-0.35	-0.068	-0.71
Youngest aged 2–3	-0.073	-0.55	-0.099	-1.33	0.099	1.25	-0.094	-0.85
Youngest aged 4–5	-0.097	-0.82	-0.052	-0.71	0.048	0.61	-0.076	-0.86
2 children	0.032	0.33	0.067	0.83	0.122	2.20	0.120	1.22
3 children or more	0.041	0.36	0.070	0.88	0.079	1.18	0.060	1.07
Has a medical condition	0.965	10.01	0.403	4.65	0.373	4.47	0.132	1.71
Parent weekly income ($000)	0.192	0.70	-0.239	-1.11	-0.204	-0.99	-0.070	-0.30
Parent income ($000) squared	-0.094	-1.19	0.058	0.92	0.008	0.15	0.053	0.94
Constant	-0.872	-0.87	-1.651	-2.52	0.291	0.39	-1.291	-2.05
	(n=5,721)		(n=5,577)		(n=5,576)		(n=5,574)
Pseudo R²	0.055		0.043		0.047		0.062

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: z=1.960 for p=0.05, z=2.576 for p=0.01 and z=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D15: Wellbeing Model Set 4, OLS, employed mothers
	Psychological distress		Arguments with partner		Relationship quality		Work–family gains		Work–family strains
	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score
1–15 hours	-0.066	-1.58	-0.108	-2.65	0.120	2.06	-0.075	-2.16	-0.337	-6.13
16–24 hours	-0.085	-2.72	-0.070	-2.93	0.062	1.71	-0.031	-0.86	-0.140	-3.40
25–34 hours	-0.074	-2.13	-0.045	-1.03	0.013	0.20	-0.044	-0.90	-0.074	-1.39
35 or more (ref)
Prefer fewer hours	0.120	5.03	0.051	1.98	-0.090	-3.35	-0.314	-16.92	0.439	12.56
Prefer same hours (ref)
Prefer more hours	0.154	7.84	0.129	3.83	-0.248	-6.22	0.049	1.33	0.240	5.06
Self-employed	0.115	2.68	0.033	1.13	-0.075	-3.05	-0.079	-1.96	-0.063	-1.40
Casual employee	-0.007	-0.31	0.050	1.53	-0.032	-0.78	0.009	0.34	-0.092	-2.34
Sometimes works weekends	0.024	0.91	-0.007	-0.36	-0.003	-0.15	0.014	0.62	0.081	3.20
Sometimes works evenings/nights	-0.024	-0.88	-0.010	-0.30	0.045	1.40	-0.014	-0.58	0.072	2.44
Flexible hours	-0.063	-2.92	-0.020	-0.68	0.053	1.48	-0.010	-0.36	-0.206	-6.60
Can change hours with approval	-0.006	-0.27	0.017	0.72	0.020	0.55	0.016	0.40	-0.054	-1.24
Perceived level of job security	-0.026	-3.54	-0.021	-1.37	0.017	1.27	0.009	0.68	-0.031	-3.10
Level of job autonomy	-0.051	-6.66	-0.022	-2.25	0.025	1.62	0.138	11.77	-0.067	-5.30
Age	0.022	1.19	-0.025	-0.78	0.050	1.96	0.002	0.10	0.034	1.48
Age squared	0.000	-1.34	0.000	0.99	-0.001	-2.36	0.000	-0.18	0.000	-0.90
Complete secondary only	0.019	0.53	-0.006	-0.12	0.034	0.64	0.038	1.03	0.113	2.16
Certificate/diploma	0.053	1.58	0.009	0.29	0.041	0.94	0.070	2.91	0.090	1.63
Bachelor degree or higher	0.077	2.42	-0.007	-0.23	0.094	2.61	0.129	4.86	0.292	7.52
Not Australian-born, good English	0.049	1.76	0.050	1.80	-0.044	-1.25	-0.059	-2.13	-0.044	-1.27
Not Australian-born, not good English	0.232	1.75	0.340	3.33	-0.098	-0.95	0.196	1.59	0.147	1.65
Single parent	0.121	3.23	n/a		n/a		0.075	1.19	0.164	2.25
Remoteness area classification	-0.022	-2.36	-0.001	-0.11	-0.006	-0.47	0.007	0.40	-0.002	-0.08
Youngest aged 1	0.032	1.44	0.026	0.62	0.005	0.11	0.009	0.28	0.045	1.32
Youngest aged 2–3	0.063	2.09	0.040	0.87	0.003	0.07	0.062	1.60	0.060	1.01
Youngest aged 4–5	0.069	3.53	0.053	1.78	-0.045	-1.30	0.011	0.32	0.100	3.02
2 children	0.054	2.43	0.110	2.34	-0.037	-0.76	-0.030	-1.21	0.057	1.64
3 children or more	-0.008	-0.36	0.016	0.60	0.004	0.10	-0.038	-1.43	0.036	0.91
Has a medical condition	0.160	8.08	0.100	3.14	-0.111	-3.58	-0.062	-2.29	0.041	1.10
Parent weekly income ($000)	-0.128	-1.93	0.084	1.15	-0.004	-0.06	-0.063	-0.67	-0.020	-0.20
Parent income ($000) squared	0.021	1.22	-0.030	-1.54	0.009	0.52	0.036	1.43	-0.002	-0.09
Constant	1.528	5.36	2.499	4.31	3.467	7.87	3.206	8.48	2.021	4.72
	(n=3,621)		(n=3,334)		(n=3,337)		(n=3,621)		(n=3,615)
R²	0.090		0.041		0.046		0.114		0.193

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: t=1.960 for p=0.05, t=2.576 for p=0.01 and t=3.291 for p=0.001.

Table D16: Wellbeing Model Set 4, OLS, employed fathers
	Psychological distress		Arguments with partner		Relationship quality		Work–family gains		Work–family strains
	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score	coefficient	t-score
1–15 hours	0.028	0.73	0.057	2.57	-0.062	-1.60	-0.017	-0.38	-0.247	-4.63
16–24 hours	-0.016	-0.93	0.005	0.26	-0.023	-1.08	0.041	1.26	-0.104	-2.79
25–34 hours	-0.005	-0.27	0.033	1.91	-0.040	-1.88	0.002	0.07	-0.080	-2.66
35 or more (ref)
Prefer fewer hours	0.109	7.22	0.011	0.61	-0.018	-1.34	-0.220	-12.86	0.355	19.33
Prefer same hours (ref)
Prefer more hours	0.167	3.26	0.159	3.53	-0.118	-2.41	0.047	1.13	0.154	2.74
Self-employed	0.050	2.94	0.019	0.96	-0.007	-0.27	0.081	3.43	-0.053	-2.05
Casual employee	-0.046	-1.48	-0.079	-2.07	-0.043	-0.82	0.020	0.45	0.037	0.68
Sometimes works weekends	-0.019	-1.01	0.039	2.51	-0.012	-0.52	0.005	0.30	0.024	1.16
Sometimes works evenings/nights	0.023	1.37	-0.013	-0.58	0.003	0.15	-0.050	-2.07	0.120	4.32
Flexible hours	-0.066	-2.66	-0.054	-1.99	0.014	0.56	0.029	1.09	-0.169	-5.59
Can change hours with approval	-0.055	-2.05	-0.018	-0.53	0.025	1.02	0.042	1.82	-0.088	-2.72
Perceived level of job security	-0.072	-8.69	-0.043	-4.33	0.045	3.94	0.056	6.12	-0.064	-6.22
Level of job autonomy	-0.053	-5.72	-0.029	-4.25	0.035	5.70	0.126	11.13	-0.063	-5.34
Age	0.005	0.59	0.002	0.13	0.005	0.32	-0.023	-1.19	0.014	1.43
Age squared	0.000	-0.75	0.000	0.12	0.000	-0.58	0.000	1.09	0.000	-1.29
Complete secondary only	0.044	1.40	-0.015	-0.41	0.015	0.37	0.028	0.82	-0.003	-0.08
Certificate/diploma	0.021	0.88	-0.018	-0.72	0.014	0.60	0.011	0.66	0.023	0.78
Bachelor degree or higher	0.083	2.84	-0.044	-1.54	0.050	1.70	-0.009	-0.32	0.055	2.11
Not Australian-born, good English	0.015	0.89	0.034	2.02	-0.036	-1.79	-0.004	-0.18	0.009	0.46
Not Australian-born, not good English	-0.089	-1.48	0.010	0.10	-0.053	-0.69	-0.017	-0.14	0.199	1.22
Single parent	0.222	1.36	n/a		n/a		-0.035	-0.30	0.166	0.67
Remoteness area classification	-0.020	-2.56	-0.017	-1.74	0.004	0.52	0.023	1.93	-0.020	-1.83
Youngest aged 1	-0.006	-0.28	0.025	1.15	-0.010	-0.46	0.029	1.19	-0.041	-2.03
Youngest aged 2–3	-0.019	-1.11	0.059	1.80	-0.030	-0.65	0.007	0.27	-0.041	-1.23
Youngest aged 4–5	0.004	0.27	0.069	4.24	-0.058	-2.66	0.036	1.77	0.004	0.16
2 children	0.019	0.89	0.116	4.58	-0.064	-2.27	-0.024	-0.96	0.113	3.06
3 children or more	-0.004	-0.15	-0.006	-0.33	0.031	1.35	0.010	0.53	0.015	0.78
Has a medical condition	0.123	7.61	0.048	2.54	-0.076	-4.59	-0.040	-1.76	0.067	2.23
Parent weekly income ($000)	-0.060	-0.91	0.132	2.70	-0.036	-0.82	-0.091	-1.40	0.002	0.02
Parent income ($000) squared	0.006	0.36	-0.033	-2.54	0.006	0.42	0.029	1.49	0.000	0.01
Constant	1.901	12.30	2.117	9.87	4.249	14.39	3.565	10.30	2.780	14.37
	(n=5,569)		(n=5,706)		(n=5,701)		(n=5,737)		(n=5,736)
Pseudo R²	0.069		0.036		0.029		0.111		0.129

Note: 'Ref' denotes 'reference category'. Significance levels: t=1.960 for p=0.05, t=2.576 for p=0.01 and t=3.29 for p=0.001.

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