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Stronger Families in Australia study: the impact of Communities for Children

Appendix E: Overall effects of the CfC intervention—Wave 3 regression estimates and difference-in-difference estimates


Table E1: Child injuries that require medical attention—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
Wave 2 0.04 0.07 0.59 0.57 –0.10 to 0.18
Wave 3 –0.01 0.06 –0.25 0.81 –0.14 to 0.11
CfC Wave 1 0.01 0.04 0.40 0.70 –0.06 to 0.09
CfC Wave 2 –0.01 0.08 –0.09 0.93 –0.19 to 0.17
CfC Wave 3 –0.04 0.07 –0.62 0.55 –0.18 to 0.10
Gender (1=female) –0.06 0.03 –1.96 0.07 –0.13 to 0.01
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 0.03 0.05 0.76 0.46 –0.06 to 0.13
Mother’s age 0.00 0.00 –1.79 0.10 –0.01 to 0.00
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.03 0.05 –0.55 0.59 –0.14 to 0.08

Year 8 or below

 0.07 0.15 0.46 0.65 –0.25 to 0.38

Year 9

 0.14 0.17 0.82 0.43 –0.23 to 0.51

Year 10

0.00 0.05 –0.02 0.98 –0.11 to 0.11

Year 11

0.05 0.06 0.83 0.42 –0.08 to 0.19

Other post-secondary

0.08 0.06 1.23 0.24 –0.06 to 0.21

Certificate III/IV

0.05 0.03 1.44 0.17 –0.02 to 0.12

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.06 0.05 1.16 0.26 –0.05 to 0.17

Bachelor degree

–0.04 0.04 –0.98 0.35 –0.13 to 0.05

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.03 0.05 0.49 0.63 –0.09 to 0.14

Postgraduate

–0.11 0.06 –1.85 0.09 –0.24 to 0.02
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.01 0.03 0.23 0.82 –0.05 to 0.06

Unemployed

0.08 0.08 1.02 0.33 –0.09 to 0.25
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.05 0.08 –0.69 0.50 –0.23 to 0.12

No father

–0.02 0.03 –0.87 0.40 –0.09 to 0.04

Parent born overseas

0.01 0.04 0.17 0.87 –0.07 to 0.09

Parental income

0.00 0.00 –1.05 0.31 0.00 to 0.00

Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site)

 0.49 0.11 4.49 0.00 0.26 to 0.72

Note: n=4,985, R-square=0.0056.


Table E2: Child injuries that require medical attention—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC –0.03 0.06 –0.46 0.65 –0.14 to 0.09
Gender (1=female) –0.07 0.05 –1.33 0.21 –0.17 to 0.04
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 0.02 0.08 0.27 0.79 –0.16 to 0.20
Mother’s age –0.01 0.00 –2.01 0.06 –0.01 to 0.00
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.17 0.07 –2.38 0.03 –0.32 to –0.02

Year 8 or below

0.55 0.43 1.28 0.22 –0.37 to 1.47

Year 9

0.04 0.09 0.41 0.69 –0.15 to 0.22

Year 10

0.01 0.06 0.23 0.83 –0.11 to 0.14

Year 11

0.26 0.12 2.17 0.05 0.00 to 0.52

Other post-secondary

0.12 0.10 1.23 0.24 –0.09 to 0.33

Certificate III/IV

0.00 0.05 0.00 1.00 –0.10 to 0.10

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.14 0.09 1.50 0.16 –0.06 to 0.34

Bachelor degree

–0.03 0.04 –0.78 0.45 –0.12 to 0.06

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.13 0.14 0.94 0.36 –0.17 to 0.44

Postgraduate

–0.13 0.05 –2.54 0.02 –0.24 to –0.02
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.03 0.05 0.56 0.58 –0.08 to 0.15

Unemployed

0.04 0.08 0.45 0.66 –0.14 to 0.22
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.10 0.11 –0.87 0.40 –0.33 to 0.14

No father

–0.01 0.05 –0.29 0.78 –0.11 to 0.09

Parent born overseas

0.04 0.06 0.78 0.45 –0.08 to 0.16

Parental income

0.00 0.00 –1.37 0.19 0.00 to 0.00

Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site)

0.45 0.13 3.37 0.01 0.16 to 0.73

Note: n=1,667, R-square=0.0195.


Table E3: Child physical health—difference‑in‑difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
Wave 2 1.69 1.39 1.22 0.24 –1.29 to 4.68
Wave 3 2.96 0.71 4.15 0.00 1.43 to 4.49
CfC Wave 1 –0.37 0.76 –0.48 0.64 –2.00 to 1.27
CfC Wave 2 –1.18 1.52 –0.77 0.45 –4.44 to 2.09
CfC Wave 3 –2.07 1.11 –1.87 0.08 –4.45 to 0.30
Gender (1=female) 0.12 0.45 0.28 0.79 –0.84 to 1.09
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –1.22 0.64 –1.91 0.08 –2.59 to 0.15
Mother’s age 0.03 0.04 0.89 0.39 –0.05 to 0.12
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

 4.55 0.80 5.66 0.00 2.83 to 6.28

Year 8 or below

2.94 0.98 2.99 0.01 0.83 to 5.04

Year 9

1.55 1.15 1.35 0.20 –0.92 to 4.03

Year 10

1.42 0.67 2.13 0.05 –0.01 to 2.85

Year 11

–0.81 1.48 –0.54 0.60 –3.98 to 2.37

Other post-secondary

0.54 0.83 0.65 0.53 –1.25 to 2.33

Certificate III/IV

–0.06 0.51 –0.11 0.91 –1.15 to 1.04

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.49 0.86 –0.57 0.58 –2.33 to 1.36

Bachelor degree

–1.43 0.85 –1.69 0.11 –3.25 to 0.39

Graduate diploma/certificate

1.87 0.92 2.03 0.06 –0.10 to 3.84

Postgraduate

–0.40 1.02 –0.39 0.70 –2.58 to 1.78
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

–0.15 0.29 –0.53 0.61 –0.77 to 0.47

Unemployed

–0.42 0.57 –0.74 0.47 –1.64 to 0.80
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

0.86 0.65 1.33 0.21 –0.53 to 2.25

No father

–0.46 0.43 –1.06 0.31 –1.39 to 0.47
Parent born overseas –1.75 0.34 –5.07 0.00 –2.49 to –1.01
Parental income 0.00 0.00 –0.56 0.58 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 91.75 1.96 46.73 0.00 87.54 to 95.96

Note: n=4,985, R-square=0.0367.


Table E4: Child physical health—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC –2.63 0.97 –2.70 0.02 –4.71 to –0.54
Gender (1=female) 0.12 0.47 0.25 0.81 –0.88 to 1.12
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –1.54 0.99 –1.56 0.14 –3.66 to 0.58
Mother’s age 0.05 0.05 1.06 0.31 –0.05 to 0.15
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

 2.69 0.87 3.10 0.01 0.83 to 4.56

Year 8 or below

2.55 1.33 1.91 0.08 –0.31 to 5.41

Year 9

0.87 1.15 0.75 0.46 –1.60 to 3.33

Year 10

1.86 0.79 2.34 0.04 0.15 to 3.56

Year 11

–1.29 1.83 –0.70 0.50 –5.22 to 2.65

Other post-secondary

 2.00 1.17 1.70 0.11 –0.52 to 4.52

Certificate III/IV

0.10 0.64 0.16 0.88 –1.27 to 1.47

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.17 1.24 –0.13 0.90 –2.83 to 2.50

Bachelor degree

–0.68 0.74 –0.92 0.38 –2.27 to 0.91

Graduate diploma/certificate

1.63 1.27 1.28 0.22 –1.09 to 4.36

Postgraduate

–0.15 1.46 –0.11 0.92 –3.28 to 2.97
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.44 0.39 1.13 0.28 –0.40 to 1.29

Unemployed

–1.90 1.50 –1.27 0.22 –5.12 to 1.31
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

0.03 0.99 0.03 0.98 –2.09 to 2.16

No father

–0.47 0.51 –0.93 0.37 –1.56 to 0.61
Parent born overseas –1.27 0.51 –2.50 0.03 –2.36 to –0.18
Parental income 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.99 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 93.10 1.49 62.31 0.00 89.90 to 96.31

Note: n=1,667, R-square=0.0406.


Table E5: Child total emotional and behavioural problems—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC –0.21 0.29 –0.73 0.48 –0.83 to 0.41
Gender (1=female) –1.19 0.17 –7.07 0.00 –1.56 to –0.83
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 1.57 0.70 2.24 0.04 0.06 to 3.08
Mother’s age –0.05 0.02 –2.94 0.01 –0.09 to –0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–6.63 0.57 –11.58 0.00 –7.86 to –5.40

Year 8 or below

–0.36 0.93 –0.39 0.71 –2.36 to 1.64

Year 9

1.44 1.06 1.36 0.19 –0.83 to 3.71

Year 10

0.17 0.32 0.51 0.62 –0.53 to 0.86

Year 11

0.17 0.61 0.29 0.78 –1.13 to 1.48

Other post-secondary

 0.82 0.50 1.65 0.12 –0.25 to 1.88

Certificate III/IV

0.40 0.34 1.18 0.26 –0.33 to 1.13

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.01 0.41 –0.03 0.98 –0.90 to 0.88

Bachelor degree

–0.62 0.50 –1.24 0.23 –1.70 to 0.45

Graduate diploma/certificate

–2.15 0.55 –3.93 0.00 –3.33 to –0.98

Postgraduate

–0.91 1.06 –0.86 0.41 –3.18 to 1.36
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

–0.78 0.27 –2.92 0.01 –1.36 to –0.21

Unemployed

0.62 0.52 1.19 0.25 –0.49 to 1.73
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

0.66 0.63 1.05 0.31 –0.69 to 2.02

No father

1.44 0.34 4.19 0.00 0.70 to 2.17
Parent born overseas 0.03 0.27 0.11 0.92 –0.54 to 0.60
Parental income 0.00 0.00 –3.94 0.00 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 11.81 0.64 18.51 0.00 10.45 to 13.18

Note: n=1,673, R-square=0.0941.


Table E6: Child prosocial behaviour—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC 0.15 0.09 1.58 0.14 –0.05 to 0.35
Gender (1=female) 0.40 0.10 3.97 0.00 0.18 to 0.61
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.26 0.18 –1.45 0.17 –0.65 to 0.13
Mother’s age –0.02 0.01 –2.19 0.05 –0.03 to 0.00
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

 0.30 0.16 1.89 0.08 –0.04 to 0.65

Year 8 or below

0.32 0.40 0.80 0.44 –0.54 to 1.17

Year 9

–0.40 0.38 –1.06 0.31 –1.22 to 0.41

Year 10

0.09 0.18 0.53 0.60 –0.29 to 0.48

Year 11

–0.05 0.20 –0.23 0.82 –0.48 to 0.38

Other post-secondary

 –0.04 0.15 –0.25 0.81 –0.35 to 0.28

Certificate III/IV

0.10 0.10 0.97 0.35 –0.12 to 0.31

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.11 0.14 0.83 0.42 –0.18 to 0.41

Bachelor degree

0.18 0.17 1.03 0.32 –0.19 to 0.55

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.55 0.25 2.22 0.04 0.02 to 1.08

Postgraduate

0.33 0.24 1.40 0.18 –0.18 to 0.84
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.21 0.08 2.43 0.03 0.02 to 0.39

Unemployed

–0.03 0.12 –0.24 0.81 –0.29 to 0.23
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

0.21 0.26 0.82 0.43 –0.34 to 0.76

No father

–0.18 0.10 –1.78 0.10 –0.39 to 0.04
Parent born overseas 0.08 0.09 0.88 0.39 –0.11 to 0.26
Parental income 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.52 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 7.87 0.26 29.73 0.00 7.31 to 8.44

Note: n=1,673, R-square=0.0320.


Table E7: Child overweight—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval 		Odds
ratio
CfC 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.64 –0.21 to 0.35 1.07
Gender (1=female) 0.23 0.11 2.00 0.05 0.00 to 0.45 1.26
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 0.03 0.24 0.11 0.91 –0.44 to 0.49 1.03
Mother’s age 0.00 0.01 –0.18 0.86 –0.02 to 0.02 1.00
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.52 0.65 –0.81 0.42 –1.80 to 0.75 0.59

Year 8 or below

0.21 0.46 0.46 0.64 –0.69 to 1.11 1.24

Year 9

0.12 0.19 0.63 0.53 –0.25 to 0.50 1.13

Year 10

0.34 0.35 0.99 0.32 –0.34 to 1.03 1.41

Year 11

0.43 0.31 1.39 0.16 –0.18 to 1.04 1.54

Other post-secondary

0.29 0.20 1.45 0.15 –0.10 to 0.69 1.34

Certificate III/IV

0.18 0.32 0.55 0.58 –0.46 to 0.82 1.20

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.11 0.22 –0.48 0.63 –0.53 to 0.32 0.90

Bachelor degree

0.03 0.32 0.10 0.92 –0.59 to 0.65 1.03

Graduate diploma/certificate

–0.47 0.45 –1.05 0.29 –1.35 to 0.40 0.62

Postgraduate

0.09 0.18 0.49 0.63 –0.27 to 0.44 1.09
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.53 0.20 2.63 0.01 0.14 to 0.92 1.70

Unemployed

0.11 0.29 0.38 0.70 –0.46 to 0.68 1.12
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

0.32 0.19 1.63 0.10 –0.06 to 0.69 1.37

No father

0.22 0.16 1.36 0.17 –0.10 to 0.53 1.24
Parent born overseas 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.56 0.00 to 0.00 1.00
Parental income –1.85 0.36 –5.12 0.00 –2.56 to –1.14 0.16
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.64 –0.21 to 0.35  

Note: n=1,524, R-square=0.016.


Table E8: Parent general health—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
Wave 2 –0.08 0.04 –2.33 0.04 –0.16 to –0.01
Wave 3 0.05 0.04 1.10 0.29 –0.04 to 0.14
CfC Wave 1 0.03 0.08 0.37 0.71 –0.15 to 0.21
CfC Wave 2 0.05 0.06 0.93 0.37 –0.07 to 0.18
CfC Wave 3 –0.08 0.05 –1.52 0.15 –0.19 to 0.03
Gender (1=female) 0.04 0.04 1.19 0.25 –0.04 to 0.12
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.16 0.06 –2.55 0.02 –0.30 to –0.03
Mother’s age 0.00 0.00 –0.87 0.40 –0.01 to 0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

0.15 0.08 1.88 0.08 –0.02 to 0.33

Year 8 or below

–0.39 0.09 –4.56 0.00 –0.58 to –0.21

Year 9

–0.04 0.09 –0.43 0.67 –0.22 to 0.15

Year 10

–0.01 0.09 –0.07 0.95 –0.19 to 0.18

Year 11

–0.02 0.11 –0.18 0.86 –0.25 to 0.21

Other post-secondary

0.05 0.07 0.67 0.51 –0.11 to 0.21

Certificate III/IV

0.07 0.06 1.22 0.24 –0.05 to 0.19

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.08 0.09 0.87 0.40 –0.11 to 0.27

Bachelor degree

0.23 0.08 2.99 0.01 0.07 to 0.40

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.40 0.10 3.89 0.00 0.18 to 0.62

Postgraduate

0.18 0.16 1.15 0.27 –0.16 to 0.53
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.02 0.04 0.43 0.67 –0.07 to 0.10

Unemployed

–0.10 0.05 –2.26 0.04 –0.20 to –0.01
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.41 0.05 –9.13 0.00 –0.51 to –0.32

No father

–0.23 0.03 –7.15 0.00 –0.30 to –0.16
Parent born overseas 0.04 0.06 0.61 0.55 –0.09 to 0.16
Parental income 0.00 0.00 –0.05 0.96 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 3.72 0.16 23.52 0.00 3.38 to 4.06

Note: n=4,985, R-square=0.0525.


Table E9: Parent general health—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC –0.06 0.08 –0.71 0.49 –0.23 to 0.12
Gender (1=female) 0.01 0.04 0.32 0.76 –0.07 to 0.10
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.12 0.09 –1.40 0.19 –0.31 to 0.07
Mother’s age –0.01 0.01 –0.98 0.34 –0.02 to 0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

 –0.47 0.11 –4.24 0.00 –0.71 to –0.23

Year 8 or below

–0.42 0.11 –4.01 0.00 –0.65 to –0.20

Year 9

0.01 0.14 0.10 0.92 –0.29 to 0.32

Year 10

0.08 0.07 1.13 0.28 –0.07 to 0.24

Year 11

–0.05 0.08 –0.59 0.57 –0.22 to 0.13

Other post-secondary

 –0.01 0.09 –0.14 0.89 –0.21 to 0.18

Certificate III/IV

0.07 0.07 0.91 0.38 –0.09 to 0.22

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.03 0.10 –0.27 0.79 –0.23 to 0.18

Bachelor degree

0.21 0.09 2.49 0.03 0.03 to 0.40

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.36 0.13 2.64 0.02 0.07 to 0.64

Postgraduate

0.16 0.24 0.66 0.52 –0.35 to 0.67
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.01 0.03 0.44 0.67 –0.06 to 0.09

Unemployed

–0.20 0.11 –1.85 0.09 –0.43 to 0.03
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.41 0.06 –6.34 0.00 –0.54 to –0.27

No father

–0.26 0.06 –4.07 0.00 –0.39 to –0.12
Parent born overseas 0.07 0.04 1.57 0.14 –0.02 to 0.16
Parental income 0.00 0.00 –0.58 0.57 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 3.84 0.21 18.30 0.00 3.39 to 4.29

Note: n=1,667, R-square=0.0524.


Table E10: Parent mental health—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
Wave 2 0.04 0.05 0.79 0.44 –0.06 to 0.13
Wave 3 0.07 0.02 4.59 0.00 0.04 to 0.10
CfC Wave 1 0.09 0.05 1.71 0.11 –0.02 to 0.20
CfC Wave 2 –0.04 0.05 –0.65 0.53 –0.15 to 0.08
CfC Wave 3 –0.04 0.03 –1.31 0.21 –0.11 to 0.03
Gender (1=female) 0.04 0.03 1.44 0.17 –0.02 to 0.09
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.12 0.08 –1.49 0.16 –0.28 to 0.05
Mother’s age 0.01 0.00 2.87 0.01 0.00 to 0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

0.44 0.06 7.56 0.00 0.31 to 0.56

Year 8 or below

–0.01 0.06 –0.19 0.85 –0.13 to 0.11

Year 9

0.00 0.08 0.04 0.97 –0.17 to 0.18

Year 10

–0.03 0.03 –0.88 0.39 –0.09 to 0.04

Year 11

–0.01 0.08 –0.07 0.94 –0.18 to 0.17

Other post-secondary

 0.01 0.06 0.18 0.86 –0.11 to 0.13

Certificate III/IV

0.02 0.03 0.58 0.57 –0.05 to 0.08

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.00 0.03 0.08 0.94 –0.07 to 0.08

Bachelor degree

0.07 0.04 1.92 0.08 –0.01 to 0.15

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.17 0.05 3.65 0.00 0.07 to 0.28

Postgraduate

–0.02 0.07 –0.33 0.75 –0.18 to 0.13
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.03 0.02 1.41 0.18 –0.02 to 0.08

Unemployed

–0.13 0.04 –3.52 0.00 –0.21 to –0.05
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.11 0.03 –3.65 0.00 –0.18 to –0.05

No father

–0.26 0.03 –8.91 0.00 –0.33 to –0.20
Parent born overseas 0.07 0.03 2.52 0.03 0.01 to 0.13
Parental income 0.00 0.00 –0.04 0.97 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 3.92 0.10 38.26 0.00 3.70 to 4.14

Note: n=4,985, R-square=0.0695.


Table E11: Parent mental health—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC 0.04 0.05 0.71 0.49 –0.08 to 0.15
Gender (1=female) 0.05 0.04 1.43 0.18 –0.03 to 0.13
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.07 0.08 –0.79 0.44 –0.24 to 0.11
Mother’s age 0.01 0.00 2.95 0.01 0.00 to 0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

0.21 0.07 3.16 0.01 0.07 to 0.36

Year 8 or below

–0.02 0.15 –0.11 0.91 –0.33 to 0.30

Year 9

–0.06 0.11 –0.54 0.60 –0.30 to 0.18

Year 10

0.00 0.04 0.11 0.92 –0.08 to 0.09

Year 11

–0.02 0.08 –0.30 0.77 –0.20 to 0.15

Other post-secondary

0.01 0.07 0.15 0.89 –0.14 to 0.16

Certificate III/IV

0.00 0.04 0.06 0.95 –0.08 to 0.09

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.03 0.06 –0.51 0.62 –0.15 to 0.09

Bachelor degree

0.08 0.05 1.59 0.14 –0.03 to 0.19

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.20 0.05 3.72 0.00 0.08 to 0.31

Postgraduate

–0.08 0.08 –0.92 0.38 –0.25 to 0.10
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.05 0.03 2.08 0.06 0.00 to 0.11

Unemployed

–0.19 0.10 –2.02 0.06 –0.40 to 0.01
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.09 0.06 –1.54 0.15 –0.21 to 0.03

No father

–0.25 0.04 –6.34 0.00 –0.33 to –0.17
Parent born overseas 0.11 0.04 2.92 0.01 0.03 to 0.19
Parental income 0.00 0.00 –0.38 0.71 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 3.91 0.11 35.86 0.00 3.67 to 4.14

Note: n=1,667, R-square=0.0713.


Table E12: Hostile parenting—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
Wave 2 0.05 0.05 1.04 0.32 –0.05 to 0.15
Wave 3 0.13 0.05 2.52 0.02 0.02 to 0.25
CfC Wave 1 –0.11 0.08 –1.39 0.19 –0.29 to 0.06
CfC Wave 2 –0.03 0.08 –0.40 0.70 –0.20 to 0.14
CfC Wave 3 –0.11 0.11 –0.95 0.36 –0.35 to 0.14
Gender (1=female) –0.08 0.07 –1.16 0.26 –0.22 to 0.06
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 0.00 0.12 –0.01 0.99 –0.25 to 0.25
Mother’s age –0.02 0.01 –2.35 0.03 –0.03 to 0.00
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

 –1.17 0.10 –12.36 0.00 –1.38 to –0.97

Year 8 or below

–0.58 0.11 –5.13 0.00 –0.83 to –0.34

Year 9

–0.22 0.22 –0.98 0.34 –0.69 to 0.26

Year 10

–0.12 0.12 –0.98 0.34 –0.37 to 0.14

Year 11

–0.07 0.13 –0.50 0.62 –0.35 to 0.22

Other post-secondary

 –0.11 0.12 –0.93 0.37 –0.36 to 0.14

Certificate III/IV

–0.08 0.08 –0.92 0.37 –0.25 to 0.10

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.22 0.14 –1.60 0.13 –0.52 to 0.07

Bachelor degree

–0.04 0.08 –0.50 0.63 –0.22 to 0.14

Graduate diploma/certificate

–0.38 0.09 –4.43 0.00 –0.57 to –0.20

Postgraduate

–0.49 0.15 –3.17 0.01 –0.82 to –0.16
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

–0.11 0.07 –1.63 0.13 –0.25 to 0.03

Unemployed

0.06 0.09 0.69 0.50 –0.13 to 0.26
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.22 0.07 –3.32 0.01 –0.37 to –0.08

No father

0.08 0.06 1.30 0.21 –0.05 to 0.21
Parent born overseas 0.22 0.06 4.00 0.00 0.10 to 0.34
Parental income 0.00 0.00 –1.40 0.18 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 3.83 0.24 16.17 0.00 3.32 to 4.34

Note: n=4,985, R-square=0.0316.


Table E13: Hostile parenting—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC –0.20 0.09 –2.35 0.03 –0.39 to –0.02
Gender (1=female) –0.09 0.07 –1.39 0.19 –0.24 to 0.05
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 0.06 0.13 0.46 0.66 –0.21 to 0.33
Mother’s age –0.01 0.01 –1.59 0.14 –0.03 to 0.00
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.93 0.17 –5.36 0.00 –1.30 to –0.56

Year 8 or below

–0.49 0.24 –2.05 0.06 –1.01 to 0.02

Year 9

–0.08 0.30 –0.27 0.79 –0.71 to 0.55

Year 10

–0.23 0.11 –2.11 0.05 –0.46 to 0.00

Year 11

–0.06 0.16 –0.36 0.73 –0.39 to 0.28

Other post-secondary

–0.11 0.15 –0.72 0.48 –0.42 to 0.21

Certificate III/IV

–0.11 0.13 –0.88 0.39 –0.38 to 0.16

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.22 0.17 –1.27 0.22 –0.60 to 0.15

Bachelor degree

–0.10 0.12 –0.86 0.41 –0.37 to 0.16

Graduate diploma/certificate

–0.47 0.10 –4.45 0.00 –0.69 to –0.24

Postgraduate

–0.37 0.18 –2.03 0.06 –0.75 to 0.02
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

–0.08 0.08 –1.09 0.30 –0.25 to 0.08

Unemployed

0.31 0.15 1.99 0.07 –0.02 to 0.64
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.15 0.15 –1.05 0.31 –0.47 to 0.16

No father

0.11 0.09 1.24 0.24 –0.08 to 0.29
Parent born overseas 0.17 0.08 2.19 0.05 0.00 to 0.34
Parental income 0.00 0.00 –1.57 0.14 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 3.95 0.36 10.85 0.00 3.17 to 4.73

Note: n=1,667, R-square=0.0298.


Table E14: Parenting self-efficacy—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
Wave 2 –0.05 0.05 –1.04 0.32 –0.15 to 0.05
Wave 3 –0.08 0.03 –3.15 0.01 –0.13 to –0.03
CfC Wave 1 0.04 0.05 0.76 0.46 –0.07 to 0.14
CfC Wave 2 0.02 0.05 0.36 0.72 –0.10 to 0.13
CfC Wave 3 0.03 0.04 0.80 0.44 –0.06 to 0.13
Gender (1=female) 0.08 0.02 4.27 0.00 0.04 to 0.12
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.05 0.07 –0.74 0.47 –0.19 to 0.09
Mother’s age 0.01 0.00 2.81 0.01 0.00 to 0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

0.46 0.04 10.38 0.00 0.37 to 0.56

Year 8 or below

0.27 0.07 3.96 0.00 0.12 to 0.41

Year 9

–0.01 0.09 –0.08 0.93 –0.21 to 0.19

Year 10

0.04 0.03 1.09 0.29 –0.04 to 0.11

Year 11

0.00 0.07 –0.05 0.96 –0.15 to 0.14

Other post-secondary

 0.03 0.06 0.45 0.66 –0.10 to 0.16

Certificate III/IV

0.03 0.04 0.97 0.35 –0.04 to 0.11

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.06 0.06 1.03 0.32 –0.06 to 0.18

Bachelor degree

0.05 0.04 1.43 0.17 –0.03 to 0.14

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.16 0.05 3.15 0.01 0.05 to 0.28

Postgraduate

0.13 0.09 1.48 0.16 –0.06 to 0.32
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.02 0.02 1.00 0.33 –0.03 to 0.07

Unemployed

0.02 0.04 0.46 0.65 –0.07 to 0.10
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.04 0.03 –1.30 0.21 –0.11 to 0.03

No father

–0.06 0.04 –1.66 0.12 –0.13 to 0.02
Parent born overseas 0.00 0.03 0.17 0.87 –0.05 to 0.06
Parental income 0.00 0.00 2.83 0.01 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 3.50 0.08 41.37 0.00 3.32 to 3.68

Note: n=4,985, R-square=0.0247.


Table E15: Parenting self-efficacy—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC 0.07 0.03 2.08 0.06 0.00 to 0.14
Gender (1=female) 0.10 0.02 4.23 0.00 0.05 to 0.15
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.08 0.09 –0.86 0.40 –0.28 to 0.12
Mother’s age 0.01 0.00 2.23 0.04 0.00 to 0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

0.56 0.08 6.68 0.00 0.38 to 0.74

Year 8 or below

0.18 0.12 1.45 0.17 –0.09 to 0.44

Year 9

0.00 0.10 0.01 1.00 –0.21 to 0.21

Year 10

0.06 0.03 1.89 0.08 –0.01 to 0.14

Year 11

0.01 0.07 0.13 0.90 –0.13 to 0.15

Other post-secondary

–0.01 0.07 –0.10 0.92 –0.16 to 0.15

Certificate III/IV

0.01 0.06 0.19 0.85 –0.11 to 0.13

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.05 0.06 0.93 0.37 –0.07 to 0.18

Bachelor degree

0.05 0.05 1.00 0.33 –0.06 to 0.17

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.14 0.07 2.01 0.06 –0.01 to 0.29

Postgraduate

0.10 0.11 0.89 0.39 –0.14 to 0.33
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.04 0.03 1.33 0.20 –0.02 to 0.09

Unemployed

–0.12 0.04 –3.12 0.01 –0.21 to –0.04
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.05 0.06 –0.77 0.45 –0.19 to 0.09

No father

–0.09 0.05 –1.98 0.07 –0.20 to 0.01
Parent born overseas 0.02 0.04 0.53 0.60 –0.06 to 0.10
Parental income 0.00 0.00 4.41 0.00 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 3.38 0.11 30.78 0.00 3.15 to 3.62

Note: n=1,667, R-square=0.0359.


Table E16: Parental relationship conflict—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
Wave 2 0.21 0.01 15.21 0.00 0.18 to 0.23
Wave 3 0.19 0.03 5.83 0.00 0.12 to 0.26
CfC Wave 1 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.95 –0.06 to 0.06
CfC Wave 2 0.01 0.02 0.55 0.59 –0.04 to 0.06
CfC Wave 3 –0.02 0.04 –0.53 0.60 –0.11 to 0.07
Gender (1=female) –0.03 0.02 –1.60 0.13 –0.08 to 0.01
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 0.17 0.04 4.23 0.00 0.08 to 0.25
Mother’s age 0.01 0.00 2.27 0.04 0.00 to 0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.84 0.09 –9.66 0.00 –1.02 to –0.65

Year 8 or below

–0.16 0.07 –2.46 0.03 –0.31 to –0.02

Year 9

0.13 0.10 1.35 0.20 –0.08 to 0.34

Year 10

0.00 0.07 0.04 0.97 –0.15 to 0.15

Year 11

–0.01 0.07 –0.11 0.91 –0.15 to 0.14

Other post-secondary

 0.04 0.07 0.53 0.60 –0.11 to 0.19

Certificate III/IV

0.01 0.04 0.23 0.82 –0.08 to 0.10

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.03 0.06 –0.42 0.68 –0.16 to 0.10

Bachelor degree

0.02 0.04 0.41 0.69 –0.07 to 0.11

Graduate diploma/certificate

–0.03 0.06 –0.60 0.56 –0.15 to 0.09

Postgraduate

–0.09 0.06 –1.47 0.16 –0.23 to 0.04
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.06 0.03 2.29 0.04 0.00 to 0.11

Unemployed

0.11 0.05 2.23 0.04 0.00 to 0.22
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

0.09 0.06 1.60 0.13 –0.03 to 0.21

No father

–0.29 0.12 –2.42 0.03 –0.55 to –0.03
Parent born overseas –0.05 0.03 –1.89 0.08 –0.11 to 0.01
Parental income 0.00 0.00 –0.16 0.87 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 1.75 0.16 10.65 0.00 1.40 to 2.10

Note: n=4,985, R-square=0.0522.


Table E17: Parental relationship conflict—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC –0.01 0.04 –0.27 0.79 –0.10 to 0.08
Gender (1=female) –0.06 0.04 –1.49 0.16 –0.13 to 0.02
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 0.12 0.05 2.69 0.02 0.02 to 0.22
Mother’s age 0.01 0.00 2.95 0.01 0.00 to 0.02
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–1.09 0.10 –10.84 0.00 –1.30 to –0.87

Year 8 or below

–0.18 0.10 –1.72 0.11 –0.40 to 0.04

Year 9

0.08 0.13 0.63 0.54 –0.20 to 0.37

Year 10

–0.03 0.07 –0.49 0.63 –0.18 to 0.11

Year 11

–0.07 0.08 –0.90 0.39 –0.25 to 0.10

Other post-secondary

0.02 0.06 0.35 0.73 –0.11 to 0.16

Certificate III/IV

–0.01 0.06 –0.26 0.80 –0.14 to 0.11

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.01 0.08 –0.17 0.87 –0.18 to 0.16

Bachelor degree

0.02 0.05 0.35 0.73 –0.08 to 0.11

Graduate diploma/certificate

–0.13 0.08 –1.52 0.15 –0.31 to 0.05

Postgraduate

–0.06 0.05 –1.13 0.28 –0.18 to 0.06
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.01 0.03 0.33 0.75 –0.05 to 0.07

Unemployed

0.15 0.08 2.02 0.06 –0.01 to 0.31
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

0.02 0.07 0.30 0.77 –0.13 to 0.17

No father

0.16 0.08 2.07 0.06 –0.01 to 0.32
Parent born overseas –0.08 0.03 –2.66 0.02 –0.14 to –0.02
Parental income 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.72 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 1.96 0.17 11.20 0.00 1.58 to 2.33

Note: n=1,272, R-square=0.0289.


Table E18: Receptive vocabulary achievement and verbal ability—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC 2.42 1.70 1.42 0.18 –1.23 to 6.06
Gender (1=female) 0.89 0.58 1.55 0.14 –0.34 to 2.13
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –1.81 1.71 –1.06 0.31 –5.48 to 1.85
Mother’s age 0.09 0.04 2.34 0.04 0.01 to 0.18
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–5.73 2.38 –2.40 0.03 –10.85 to –0.62

Year 8 or below

–6.21 3.08 –2.02 0.06 –12.81 to 0.39

Year 9

–5.10 1.48 –3.44 0.00 –8.28 to –1.91

Year 10

0.23 1.06 0.21 0.83 –2.04 to 2.49

Year 11

0.07 1.18 0.06 0.95 –2.45 to 2.60

Other post-secondary

0.97 1.05 0.92 0.37 –1.28 to 3.21

Certificate III/IV

1.11 0.99 1.11 0.28 –1.03 to 3.24

Advanced diploma/diploma

1.74 1.16 1.50 0.16 –0.74 to 4.22

Bachelor degree

5.45 1.43 3.81 0.00 2.39 to 8.52

Graduate diploma/certificate

2.58 2.11 1.22 0.24 –1.95 to 7.10

Postgraduate

3.54 2.21 1.60 0.13 –1.19 to 8.27
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

3.09 0.60 5.16 0.00 1.81 to 4.38

Unemployed

–1.09 1.54 –0.70 0.49 –4.40 to 2.22
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–3.82 1.03 –3.72 0.00 –6.02 to –1.62

No father

–1.12 0.74 –1.51 0.15 –2.71 to 0.47
Parent born overseas –4.80 1.30 –3.68 0.00 –7.60 to –2.01
Parental income 0.00 0.00 –1.03 0.32 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept 50.78 2.29 22.20 0.00 45.88 to 55.69

Note: n=1,563, R-square=0.1409.


Table E19: Living in a jobless household—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval 		Odds
ratio
Wave 2 0.01 0.11 0.09 0.93 –0.23 to 0.25 1.01
Wave 3 0.07 0.05 1.29 0.22 –0.05 to 0.18 1.07
CfC Wave 1 –0.19 0.16 –1.17 0.26 –0.53 to 0.16 0.83
CfC Wave 2 –0.03 0.13 –0.23 0.82 –0.31 to 0.25 0.97
CfC Wave 3 –0.30 0.12 –2.59 0.02 –0.55 to –0.05 0.74
Gender (1=female) 0.03 0.09 0.36 0.72 –0.16 to 0.23 1.03
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 1.09 0.19 5.80 0.00 0.69 to 1.49 2.97
Mother’s age –0.06 0.01 –4.01 0.00 –0.09 to –0.03 0.94
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Year 8 or below

1.79 0.24 7.51 0.00 1.28 to 2.30 6.00

Year 9

1.80 0.28 6.41 0.00 1.20 to 2.40 6.03

Year 10

0.76 0.17 4.44 0.00 0.39 to 1.12 2.13

Year 11

0.61 0.15 4.13 0.00 0.29 to 0.93 1.84

Other post-secondary

0.62 0.16 3.96 0.00 0.29 to 0.96 1.87

Certificate III/IV

0.27 0.11 2.32 0.04 0.02 to 0.51 1.31

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.56 0.27 –2.04 0.06 –1.15 to 0.03 0.57

Bachelor degree

–0.66 0.17 –3.92 0.00 –1.02 to –0.30 0.52

Graduate diploma/certificate

–0.54 0.41 –1.32 0.21 –1.41 to 0.33 0.58
Parent born overseas 0.16 0.22 0.75 0.47 –0.30 to 0.63 1.18
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) –0.09 0.62 –0.15 0.88 –1.41 to 1.23  

Note: n=5,409, R-square=0.1089.


Table E20: Living in a jobless household—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval 		Odds
ratio
CfC –0.49 0.21 –2.29 0.04 –0.94 to –0.03 0.62
Gender (1=female) –0.07 0.09 –0.78 0.45 –0.28 to 0.13 0.93
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 0.98 0.21 4.65 0.00 0.53 to 1.43 2.67
Mother’s age –0.06 0.02 –3.73 0.00 –0.09 to –0.02 0.94
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Year 8 or below

 1.75 0.33 5.35 0.00 1.05 to 2.45 5.74

Year 9

1.98 0.34 5.88 0.00 1.26 to 2.71 7.27

Year 10

0.88 0.28 3.10 0.01 0.27 to 1.48 2.40

Year 11

0.75 0.20 3.85 0.00 0.33 to 1.17 2.12

Other post-secondary

0.93 0.21 4.44 0.00 0.48 to 1.38 2.54

Certificate III/IV

0.46 0.17 2.61 0.02 0.08 to 0.83 1.58

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.18 0.29 –0.61 0.55 –0.80 to 0.45 0.84

Bachelor degree

–0.90 0.29 –3.12 0.01 –1.52 to –0.28 0.41

Graduate diploma/certificate

–0.35 0.54 –0.66 0.52 –1.51 to 0.80 0.70
Parent born overseas 0.05 0.25 0.22 0.83 –0.48 to 0.59 1.06
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 0.17 0.69 0.24 0.81 –1.32 to 1.65  

Note: n=1,806, R-square=0.1096.


Table E21: Quality of the home learning environment—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
Wave 2 –0.12 0.03 –4.39 0.00 –0.17 to –0.06
Wave 3 –0.19 0.06 –3.13 0.01 –0.32 to –0.06
CfC Wave 1 0.00 0.06 –0.02 0.98 –0.14 to 0.14
CfC Wave 2 0.04 0.03 1.33 0.20 –0.03 to 0.11
CfC Wave 3 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.98 –0.14 to 0.14
Gender (1=female) 0.07 0.03 2.43 0.03 0.01 to 0.14
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.20 0.05 –4.01 0.00 –0.30 to –0.09
Mother’s age 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.86 0.00 to 0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.43 0.06 –7.15 0.00 –0.57 to –0.30

Year 8 or below

–0.38 0.12 –3.22 0.01 –0.63 to –0.13

Year 9

–0.21 0.08 –2.71 0.02 –0.37 to –0.04

Year 10

–0.03 0.06 –0.53 0.61 –0.15 to 0.09

Year 11

0.01 0.07 0.10 0.92 –0.14 to 0.15

Other post-secondary

 0.03 0.05 0.54 0.60 –0.09 to 0.14

Certificate III/IV

0.11 0.04 2.92 0.01 0.03 to 0.19

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.21 0.05 3.87 0.00 0.09 to 0.32

Bachelor degree

0.27 0.04 6.20 0.00 0.18 to 0.36

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.23 0.07 3.18 0.01 0.08 to 0.39

Postgraduate

0.45 0.05 8.96 0.00 0.34 to 0.55
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

–0.08 0.02 –3.13 0.01 –0.13 to –0.02

Unemployed

0.07 0.05 1.54 0.15 –0.03 to 0.18
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

0.03 0.04 0.61 0.55 –0.07 to 0.12

No father

–0.10 0.03 –3.33 0.01 –0.17 to –0.04
Parent born overseas 0.15 0.05 3.23 0.01 0.05 to 0.25
Parental income 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.89 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 2.65 0.18 14.94 0.00 2.27 to 3.04

Note: n=4,985, R-square=0.0910.


Table E22: Quality of the home learning environment—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC 0.01 0.05 0.24 0.81 –0.09 to 0.11
Gender (1=female) 0.08 0.02 3.62 0.00 0.03 to 0.13
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.19 0.07 –2.86 0.01 –0.33 to –0.05
Mother’s age 0.00 0.00 0.78 0.45 0.00 to 0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.06 0.04 –1.31 0.21 –0.15 to 0.04

Year 8 or below

–0.37 0.11 –3.49 0.00 –0.60 to –0.14

Year 9

–0.29 0.11 –2.69 0.02 –0.52 to –0.06

Year 10

0.02 0.05 0.36 0.72 –0.09 to 0.13

Year 11

0.00 0.10 0.04 0.97 –0.22 to 0.23

Other post-secondary

 0.09 0.07 1.31 0.21 –0.06 to 0.23

Certificate III/IV

0.09 0.05 1.82 0.09 –0.02 to 0.20

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.24 0.07 3.71 0.00 0.10 to 0.38

Bachelor degree

0.28 0.06 4.96 0.00 0.16 to 0.41

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.21 0.08 2.45 0.03 0.03 to 0.39

Postgraduate

0.46 0.06 7.72 0.00 0.33 to 0.59
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

–0.09 0.03 –3.36 0.01 –0.14 to –0.03

Unemployed

0.07 0.06 1.25 0.23 –0.05 to 0.19
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

0.08 0.06 1.37 0.19 –0.05 to 0.21

No father

–0.08 0.05 –1.69 0.11 –0.18 to 0.02
Parent born overseas 0.11 0.05 2.45 0.03 0.01 to 0.21
Parental income 0.00 0.00 0.49 0.63 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 2.46 0.12 21.21 0.00 2.21 to 2.71

Note: n=1,667, R-square=0.0756.


Table E23: Support in raising children—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
Wave 2 0.06 0.02 3.17 0.01 0.02 to 0.11
Wave 3 –0.18 0.06 –3.08 0.01 –0.31 to –0.06
CfC Wave 1 0.03 0.06 0.50 0.62 –0.10 to 0.16
CfC Wave 2 –0.06 0.04 –1.64 0.12 –0.14 to 0.02
CfC Wave 3 –0.01 0.08 –0.11 0.91 –0.19 to 0.17
Gender (1=female) 0.02 0.03 0.80 0.44 –0.04 to 0.08
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 0.00 0.05 0.07 0.95 –0.11 to 0.12
Mother’s age –0.01 0.00 –5.31 0.00 –0.02 to –0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.53 0.06 –8.33 0.00 –0.66 to –0.39

Year 8 or below

–0.06 0.10 –0.64 0.53 –0.27 to 0.15

Year 9

–0.31 0.09 –3.51 0.00 –0.49 to –0.12

Year 10

–0.07 0.06 –1.16 0.27 –0.20 to 0.06

Year 11

0.09 0.06 1.41 0.18 –0.04 to 0.22

Other post-secondary

0.01 0.04 0.22 0.83 –0.08 to 0.10

Certificate III/IV

0.00 0.04 –0.11 0.91 –0.09 to 0.08

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.00 0.07 –0.03 0.98 –0.14 to 0.14

Bachelor degree

0.09 0.06 1.48 0.16 –0.04 to 0.22

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.31 0.05 6.65 0.00 0.21 to 0.40

Postgraduate

0.01 0.07 0.15 0.88 –0.14 to 0.16
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.09 0.03 3.15 0.01 0.03 to 0.15

Unemployed

0.02 0.06 0.40 0.70 –0.11 to 0.16
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.18 0.04 –4.48 0.00 –0.27 to –0.10

No father

–0.49 0.04 –11.56 0.00 –0.58 to –0.40
Parent born overseas 0.15 0.03 4.61 0.00 0.08 to 0.21
Parental income 0.00 0.00 1.41 0.18 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 3.06 0.14 22.44 0.00 2.77 to 3.35

Note: n=4,952, R-square=0.1158.


Table E24: Support in raising children—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC 0.03 0.08 0.41 0.69 –0.13 to 0.20
Gender (1=female) –0.02 0.03 –0.67 0.51 –0.10 to 0.05
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 0.04 0.07 0.63 0.54 –0.11 to 0.20
Mother’s age –0.02 0.00 –4.70 0.00 –0.02 to –0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.07 0.10 –0.75 0.47 –0.28 to 0.14

Year 8 or below

0.12 0.10 1.18 0.26 –0.09 to 0.32

Year 9

–0.16 0.09 –1.81 0.09 –0.34 to 0.03

Year 10

0.00 0.08 0.06 0.95 –0.16 to 0.17

Year 11

0.08 0.07 1.14 0.27 –0.07 to 0.24

Other post-secondary

0.09 0.05 2.09 0.06 0.00 to 0.19

Certificate III/IV

0.03 0.05 0.56 0.59 –0.08 to 0.14

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.05 0.08 0.59 0.56 –0.12 to 0.21

Bachelor degree

0.19 0.07 2.57 0.02 0.03 to 0.35

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.23 0.08 2.70 0.02 0.05 to 0.41

Postgraduate

0.08 0.14 0.53 0.61 –0.23 to 0.39
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.08 0.03 2.41 0.03 0.01 to 0.15

Unemployed

0.09 0.08 1.07 0.30 –0.09 to 0.26
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.18 0.05 –3.47 0.00 –0.28 to –0.07

No father

–0.46 0.04 –11.36 0.00 –0.54 to –0.37
Parent born overseas 0.11 0.05 2.02 0.06 –0.01 to 0.23
Parental income 0.00 0.00 1.12 0.28 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 3.03 0.22 13.89 0.00 2.56 to 3.50

Note: n=1,658, R-square=0.0932.


Table E25: Involvement in a community service activity—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval 		Odds
ratio
Wave 2 0.12 0.18 0.66 0.51 –0.23 to 0.47 1.12
Wave 3 0.09 0.15 0.60 0.55 –0.20 to 0.38 1.09
CfC Wave 1 0.00 0.15 0.00 1.00 –0.30 to 0.30 1.00
CfC Wave 2 0.03 0.19 0.14 0.89 –0.35 to 0.40 1.03
CfC Wave 3 0.35 0.24 1.46 0.14 –0.12 to 0.81 1.41
Gender (1=female) 0.00 0.06 0.00 1.00 –0.13 to 0.13 1.00
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.22 0.13 –1.70 0.09 –0.48 to 0.03 0.80
Mother’s age 0.06 0.01 8.99 0.00 0.05 to 0.07 1.06
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.85 0.55 –1.53 0.13 –1.94 to 0.24 0.43

Year 8 or below

–0.79 0.20 –3.93 0.00 –1.19 to –0.40 0.45

Year 9

–0.13 0.14 –0.95 0.34 –0.40 to 0.14 0.88

Year 10

0.16 0.16 1.03 0.30 –0.15 to 0.48 1.18

Year 11

–0.10 0.18 –0.57 0.57 –0.46 to 0.26 0.90

Other post-secondary

0.03 0.12 0.24 0.81 –0.20 to 0.26 1.03

Certificate III/IV

0.26 0.12 2.18 0.03 0.03 to 0.50 1.30

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.57 0.14 4.15 0.00 0.30 to 0.83 1.76

Bachelor degree

0.13 0.27 0.49 0.62 –0.39 to 0.66 1.14

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.17 0.26 0.65 0.52 –0.33 to 0.67 1.18

Postgraduate

–0.09 0.08 –1.13 0.26 –0.26 to 0.07 0.91
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.42 0.23 1.85 0.06 –0.03 to 0.87 1.53

Unemployed

–0.24 0.14 –1.66 0.10 –0.51 to 0.04 0.79
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.77 0.12 –6.24 0.00 –1.01 to –0.53 0.46

No father

0.60 0.14 4.31 0.00 0.33 to 0.88 1.82
Parent born overseas 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.87 0.00 to 0.00 1.00
Parental income –3.75 0.51 –7.36 0.00 –4.75 to –2.75 0.02
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 0.12 0.18 0.66 0.51 –0.23 to 0.47  

Note: n=4,976, R-square=0.0643.


Table E26: Involvement in a community service activity—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust standard error t–value Significance 95% confidence interval Odds ratio
CfC 0.37 0.27 1.35 0.20 –0.22 to 0.96 1.45
Gender (1=female) –0.03 0.10 –0.26 0.80 –0.25 to 0.20 0.97
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.29 0.17 –1.70 0.11 –0.67 to 0.08 0.74
Mother’s age 0.05 0.01 5.73 0.00 0.03 to 0.08 1.06
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Year 8 or below

–0.54 0.54 –1.00 0.34 –1.71 to 0.62 0.58

Year 9

–1.23 0.43 –2.88 0.01 –2.15 to –0.32 0.29

Year 10

–0.26 0.16 –1.65 0.12 –0.61 to 0.08 0.77

Year 11

0.21 0.28 0.75 0.46 –0.39 to 0.82 1.24

Other post-secondary

 –0.15 0.24 –0.61 0.55 –0.66 to 0.37 0.86

Certificate III/IV

0.05 0.15 0.30 0.77 –0.28 to 0.37 1.05

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.26 0.18 1.43 0.17 –0.13 to 0.65 1.30

Bachelor degree

0.63 0.20 3.19 0.01 0.20 to 1.05 1.87

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.13 0.25 0.50 0.62 –0.41 to 0.66 1.13

Postgraduate

0.46 0.28 1.61 0.13 –0.15 to 1.07 1.58
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

–0.06 0.12 –0.45 0.66 –0.32 to 0.21 0.95

Unemployed

0.48 0.29 1.64 0.12 –0.15 to 1.11 1.62
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

0.01 0.18 0.08 0.94 –0.38 to 0.41 1.01

No father

–0.73 0.15 –4.89 0.00 –1.05 to –0.41 0.48
Parent born overseas 0.67 0.18 3.72 0.00 0.28 to 1.05 1.95
Parental income 0.00 0.00 –0.14 0.89 0.00 to 0.00 1.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) –3.66 0.49 –7.47 0.00 –4.71 to –2.61  

Note: n=1,664, R-square=0.0660.


Table E27: Neighbourhood as a place to bring up children—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
Wave 2 0.00 0.02 0.13 0.90 –0.05 to 0.06
Wave 3 –0.01 0.05 –0.11 0.92 –0.12 to 0.11
CfC Wave 1 –0.02 0.14 –0.13 0.90 –0.31 to 0.27
CfC Wave 2 0.05 0.04 1.08 0.30 –0.05 to 0.14
CfC Wave 3 0.05 0.06 0.77 0.46 –0.09 to 0.18
Gender (1=female) 0.05 0.05 1.07 0.30 –0.05 to 0.16
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.18 0.08 –2.14 0.05 –0.36 to 0.00
Mother’s age 0.01 0.00 3.37 0.01 0.00 to 0.02
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.02 0.11 –0.17 0.87 –0.26 to 0.22

Year 8 or below

–0.18 0.17 –1.08 0.30 –0.54 to 0.18

Year 9

–0.10 0.18 –0.59 0.57 –0.48 to 0.28

Year 10

–0.08 0.07 –1.13 0.28 –0.22 to 0.07

Year 11

0.10 0.09 1.14 0.27 –0.09 to 0.29

Other post-secondary

0.04 0.07 0.50 0.62 –0.12 to 0.19

Certificate III/IV

0.04 0.06 0.71 0.49 –0.09 to 0.17

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.02 0.07 0.33 0.75 –0.12 to 0.17

Bachelor degree

0.08 0.07 1.19 0.25 –0.07 to 0.23

Graduate diploma/certificate

–0.04 0.10 –0.36 0.72 –0.26 to 0.18

Postgraduate

–0.06 0.14 –0.46 0.65 –0.36 to 0.23
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.05 0.05 1.04 0.32 –0.06 to 0.16

Unemployed

0.05 0.06 0.83 0.42 –0.08 to 0.18
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.22 0.09 –2.53 0.02 –0.40 to –0.03

No father

–0.31 0.08 –3.85 0.00 –0.48 to –0.14
Parent born overseas 0.16 0.06 2.93 0.01 0.04 to 0.28
Parental income 0.00 0.00 1.32 0.21 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 3.26 0.20 16.51 0.00 2.83 to 3.68

Note: n=4,983, R-square=0.0444.


Table E28: Neighbourhood as a place to bring up children—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC 0.04 0.14 0.30 0.77 –0.26 to 0.35
Gender (1=female) 0.07 0.05 1.40 0.19 –0.04 to 0.17
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.19 0.10 –1.94 0.07 –0.41 to 0.02
Mother’s age 0.01 0.00 2.42 0.03 0.00 to 0.02
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.55 0.11 –5.00 0.00 –0.79 to –0.31

Year 8 or below

–0.11 0.23 –0.46 0.65 –0.61 to 0.39

Year 9

–0.09 0.16 –0.52 0.61 –0.44 to 0.27

Year 10

–0.13 0.10 –1.38 0.19 –0.34 to 0.07

Year 11

0.23 0.10 2.31 0.04 0.02 to 0.44

Other post-secondary

 0.06 0.09 0.66 0.52 –0.14 to 0.27

Certificate III/IV

0.10 0.07 1.48 0.16 –0.04 to 0.24

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.06 0.09 0.66 0.52 –0.14 to 0.26

Bachelor degree

0.16 0.09 1.79 0.10 –0.03 to 0.36

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.06 0.15 0.38 0.71 –0.26 to 0.38

Postgraduate

0.24 0.13 1.92 0.08 –0.03 to 0.51
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.03 0.05 0.58 0.57 –0.07 to 0.13

Unemployed

0.06 0.17 0.34 0.74 –0.30 to 0.42
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.16 0.09 –1.90 0.08 –0.35 to 0.02

No father

–0.30 0.09 –3.45 0.00 –0.49 to –0.11
Parent born overseas 0.17 0.07 2.56 0.02 0.03 to 0.31
Parental income 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.20 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 3.26 0.24 13.51 0.00 2.75 to 3.78

Note: n=1,667, R-square=0.0473.


Table E29: Community social cohesion—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
Wave 2 0.01 0.04 0.18 0.86 –0.08 to 0.09
Wave 3 0.01 0.03 0.45 0.66 –0.05 to 0.08
CfC Wave 1 –0.03 0.06 –0.57 0.58 –0.16 to 0.09
CfC Wave 2 0.02 0.05 0.49 0.64 –0.08 to 0.12
CfC Wave 3 0.03 0.04 0.68 0.51 –0.06 to 0.11
Gender (1=female) 0.03 0.03 0.99 0.34 –0.03 to 0.08
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.16 0.07 –2.28 0.04 –0.31 to –0.01
Mother’s age 0.01 0.00 7.03 0.00 0.01 to 0.02
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.51 0.06 –8.08 0.00 –0.65 to –0.38

Year 8 or below

0.01 0.07 0.14 0.89 –0.15 to 0.17

Year 9

–0.06 0.07 –0.88 0.39 –0.21 to 0.09

Year 10

–0.07 0.04 –1.62 0.13 –0.16 to 0.02

Year 11

0.01 0.05 0.28 0.79 –0.09 to 0.12

Other post-secondary

 0.00 0.05 –0.07 0.94 –0.12 to 0.11

Certificate III/IV

–0.01 0.06 –0.15 0.88 –0.13 to 0.11

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.01 0.06 0.09 0.93 –0.12 to 0.13

Bachelor degree

0.06 0.05 1.38 0.19 –0.04 to 0.17

Graduate diploma/certificate

–0.01 0.09 –0.13 0.90 –0.19 to 0.17

Postgraduate

–0.03 0.08 –0.37 0.72 –0.19 to 0.14
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.11 0.02 4.97 0.00 0.06 to 0.15

Unemployed

0.08 0.04 1.76 0.10 –0.02 to 0.17
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.22 0.05 –4.41 0.00 –0.32 to –0.11

No father

–0.23 0.04 –6.37 0.00 –0.31 to –0.15
Parent born overseas 0.09 0.03 2.75 0.02 0.02 to 0.17
Parental income 0.00 0.00 1.08 0.30 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 2.76 0.10 28.28 0.00 2.55 to 2.97

Note: n=4,871, R-square=0.0679.


Table E30: Community social cohesion—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC 0.01 0.07 0.08 0.94 –0.15 to 0.16
Gender (1=female) 0.05 0.04 1.35 0.20 –0.03 to 0.14
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.18 0.09 –2.07 0.06 –0.36 to 0.01
Mother’s age 0.02 0.00 5.30 0.00 0.01 to 0.02
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

–0.08 0.07 –1.19 0.26 –0.23 to 0.07

Year 8 or below

0.15 0.09 1.66 0.12 –0.05 to 0.35

Year 9

0.10 0.10 1.00 0.34 –0.11 to 0.30

Year 10

–0.04 0.07 –0.51 0.62 –0.19 to 0.12

Year 11

–0.02 0.07 –0.29 0.77 –0.16 to 0.12

Other post-secondary

0.07 0.07 1.01 0.33 –0.08 to 0.21

Certificate III/IV

0.00 0.06 0.07 0.95 –0.13 to 0.14

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.02 0.07 0.25 0.81 –0.13 to 0.16

Bachelor degree

0.12 0.06 2.20 0.05 0.00 to 0.25

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.02 0.12 0.15 0.89 –0.24 to 0.27

Postgraduate

0.20 0.12 1.72 0.11 –0.05 to 0.44
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.10 0.02 4.39 0.00 0.05 to 0.15

Unemployed

0.04 0.10 0.39 0.71 –0.18 to 0.26
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.28 0.07 –3.81 0.00 –0.44 to –0.12

No father

–0.22 0.04 –5.94 0.00 –0.29 to –0.14
Parent born overseas 0.10 0.05 2.30 0.04 0.01 to 0.20
Parental income 0.00 0.00 1.37 0.19 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 2.59 0.10 25.38 0.00 2.38 to 2.81

Note: n=1,563, R-square=0.0774.


Table E31: Community facilities—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
Wave 2 –0.04 0.07 –0.52 0.61 –0.19 to 0.12
Wave 3 –0.09 0.07 –1.31 0.21 –0.24 to 0.06
CfC Wave 1 –0.03 0.29 –0.09 0.93 –0.64 to 0.59
CfC Wave 2 0.02 0.09 0.24 0.82 –0.17 to 0.21
CfC Wave 3 0.09 0.08 1.09 0.29 –0.09 to 0.27
Gender (1=female) 0.01 0.03 0.52 0.61 –0.04 to 0.07
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.18 0.08 –2.20 0.05 –0.36 to 0.00
Mother’s age 0.00 0.00 1.09 0.30 0.00 to 0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

0.26 0.22 1.20 0.25 –0.21 to 0.73

Year 8 or below

–0.15 0.10 –1.54 0.15 –0.36 to 0.06

Year 9

–0.23 0.10 –2.25 0.04 –0.45 to –0.01

Year 10

–0.11 0.09 –1.24 0.24 –0.31 to 0.08

Year 11

0.10 0.05 1.88 0.08 –0.01 to 0.22

Other post-secondary

–0.14 0.11 –1.25 0.23 –0.38 to 0.10

Certificate III/IV

–0.13 0.06 –2.18 0.05 –0.26 to 0.00

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.17 0.08 –2.19 0.05 –0.34 to 0.00

Bachelor degree

0.04 0.07 0.57 0.58 –0.11 to 0.19

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.21 0.10 2.15 0.05 0.00 to 0.43

Postgraduate

0.11 0.22 0.50 0.63 –0.37 to 0.59
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

0.00 0.04 –0.04 0.97 –0.08 to 0.08

Unemployed

0.09 0.07 1.34 0.20 –0.06 to 0.24
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.10 0.08 –1.37 0.19 –0.27 to 0.06

No father

0.11 0.06 1.85 0.09 –0.02 to 0.23
Parent born overseas –0.11 0.11 –1.08 0.30 –0.34 to 0.11
Parental income 0.00 0.00 0.77 0.45 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 0.15 0.23 0.66 0.52 –0.34 to 0.64

Note: n=4,962, R-square=0.0211.


Table E32: Community facilities—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval
CfC 0.04 0.25 0.18 0.86 –0.50 to 0.59
Gender (1=female) 0.04 0.03 1.11 0.29 –0.03 to 0.10
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin –0.11 0.11 –1.06 0.31 –0.35 to 0.12
Mother’s age 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.78 –0.01 to 0.01
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

0.41 0.20 2.10 0.05 –0.01 to 0.83

Year 8 or below

–0.25 0.14 –1.81 0.09 –0.54 to 0.05

Year 9

–0.12 0.11 –1.01 0.33 –0.36 to 0.13

Year 10

–0.10 0.08 –1.19 0.25 –0.28 to 0.08

Year 11

0.08 0.09 0.93 0.37 –0.11 to 0.28

Other post-secondary

–0.23 0.13 –1.73 0.11 –0.52 to 0.06

Certificate III/IV

–0.09 0.08 –1.15 0.27 –0.26 to 0.08

Advanced diploma/diploma

–0.22 0.09 –2.34 0.03 –0.41 to –0.02

Bachelor degree

0.01 0.07 0.11 0.92 –0.14 to 0.16

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.26 0.12 2.14 0.05 0.00 to 0.52

Postgraduate

–0.15 0.22 –0.68 0.51 –0.61 to 0.32
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

–0.01 0.05 –0.22 0.83 –0.12 to 0.10

Unemployed

–0.06 0.11 –0.50 0.62 –0.30 to 0.19
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

–0.26 0.12 –2.25 0.04 –0.51 to –0.01

No father

0.09 0.06 1.40 0.18 –0.05 to 0.22
Parent born overseas –0.15 0.10 –1.53 0.15 –0.36 to 0.06
Parental income 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.74 0.00 to 0.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) 0.23 0.20 1.16 0.26 –0.19 to 0.65

Note: n=1,661, R-square=0.0259.


Table E33: Unmet service needs—difference-in-difference estimates
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval 		Odds
ratio
Wave 2 –0.22 0.22 –0.98 0.33 –0.65 to 0.22 0.81
Wave 3 0.10 0.24 0.41 0.68 –0.37 to 0.57 1.10
CfC Wave 1 –0.13 0.27 –0.47 0.64 –0.66 to 0.40 0.88
CfC Wave 2 –0.12 0.27 –0.44 0.66 –0.65 to 0.41 0.89
CfC Wave 3 0.28 0.30 0.93 0.35 –0.31 to 0.87 1.32
Gender (1=female) –0.12 0.09 –1.32 0.19 –0.31 to 0.06 0.88
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 0.27 0.24 1.14 0.25 –0.20 to 0.74 1.31
Mother’s age –0.01 0.01 –1.38 0.17 –0.02 to 0.00 0.99
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Never attended school

0.52 0.44 1.18 0.24 –0.34 to 1.38 1.68

Year 8 or below

–0.03 0.35 –0.10 0.92 –0.72 to 0.65 0.97

Year 9

–0.17 0.19 –0.86 0.39 –0.55 to 0.21 0.85

Year 10

0.44 0.29 1.54 0.12 –0.12 to 1.01 1.56

Year 11

–0.37 0.28 –1.34 0.18 –0.91 to 0.17 0.69

Other post-secondary

 0.32 0.26 1.22 0.22 –0.20 to 0.84 1.38

Certificate III/IV

0.28 0.19 1.47 0.14 –0.09 to 0.66 1.32

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.14 0.20 0.71 0.48 –0.25 to 0.53 1.15

Bachelor degree

–0.40 0.41 –0.98 0.33 –1.20 to 0.40 0.67

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.50 0.27 1.87 0.06 –0.03 to 1.03 1.66

Postgraduate

–0.31 0.11 –2.82 0.01 –0.53 to –0.10 0.73
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

–0.17 0.23 –0.77 0.44 –0.62 to 0.27 0.84

Unemployed

0.36 0.24 1.47 0.14 –0.12 to 0.84 1.43
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

0.57 0.18 3.12 0.00 0.21 to 0.93 1.77

No father

–0.09 0.15 –0.59 0.56 –0.39 to 0.21 0.91
Parent born overseas 0.00 0.00 –0.13 0.90 0.00 to 0.00 1.00
Parental income –1.99 0.44 –4.55 0.00 –2.84 to –1.13 0.14
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) –0.22 0.22 –0.98 0.33 –0.65 to 0.22  

Note: n=4,976, R-square=0.0316.


Table E34: Unmet service needs—regression estimates at Wave 3
  Coefficient Robust
standard error 		t–value Significance 95% confidence
interval 		Odds
ratio
CfC 0.11 0.17 0.65 0.52 –0.25 to 0.47 1.12
Gender (1=female) –0.38 0.17 –2.28 0.04 –0.73 to –0.02 0.69
Child is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin 0.42 0.28 1.49 0.16 –0.19 to 1.03 1.52
Mother’s age –0.03 0.01 –2.23 0.04 –0.05 to 0.00 0.97
Mother’s education (ref: Year 12)

Year 8 or below

0.13 0.58 0.23 0.82 –1.11 to 1.37 1.14

Year 9

0.17 0.45 0.39 0.71 –0.79 to 1.14 1.19

Year 10

–0.31 0.33 –0.94 0.36 –1.02 to 0.40 0.73

Year 11

0.17 0.40 0.42 0.68 –0.69 to 1.02 1.18

Other post-secondary

–0.40 0.40 –1.01 0.33 –1.25 to 0.45 0.67

Certificate III/IV

0.12 0.38 0.31 0.76 –0.69 to 0.93 1.13

Advanced diploma/diploma

0.35 0.33 1.06 0.31 –0.36 to 1.06 1.42

Bachelor degree

0.04 0.38 0.11 0.92 –0.78 to 0.86 1.04

Graduate diploma/certificate

0.03 0.39 0.07 0.95 –0.81 to 0.87 1.03

Postgraduate

0.60 0.54 1.11 0.28 –0.56 to 1.77 1.83
Mother’s employment (ref: Not in the labour force)

Employed

–0.39 0.19 –2.06 0.06 –0.80 to 0.02 0.68

Unemployed

0.38 0.34 1.13 0.28 –0.34 to 1.11 1.47
Father’s involvement (ref: Father is present and working)

Not working

0.25 0.30 0.83 0.42 –0.39 to 0.90 1.29

No father

0.60 0.23 2.64 0.02 0.11 to 1.08 1.82
Parent born overseas 0.09 0.24 0.36 0.72 –0.44 to 0.61 1.09
Parental income 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.77 0.00 to 0.00 1.00
Intercept (Wave 1, contrast site) –1.17 0.89 –1.31 0.21 –3.09 to 0.74  

Note: n=1,806, R-square=0.0527.

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